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The Balfour Declaration Influence on Formation of Israel

Few documents in Middle Eastern history have had as consequential and controversial an influence as the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which has been at the center of the Arab-Israeli conflict over the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The Balfour Declaration   The Balfour Declaration was a 67-word statement contained within a brief letter attributed to Lord Arthur Balfour, the British foreign secretary, dated November 2, 1917.  Balfour addressed the letter to Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a British banker, zoologist and Zionist activist who, along with Zionists Chaim Weizmann and Nahum Sokolow, helped draft the declaration much as lobbyists today draft bills for legislators to submit. The declaration was in line with European Zionist leaders hopes and designs for a homeland in Palestine, which they believed would bring about intense immigration of Jews around the world to Palestine. The statement read as follows: His Majestys Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. It was 31 years after this letter, whether willed by the British government or not, that the state of Israel was founded in 1948. Liberal Britain’s Sympathy for Zionism Balfour was part of the liberal government of Prime Minister David Lloyd George. British liberal public opinion believed that Jews had suffered historical injustices, that the West was to blame and the West had a responsibility to enable a Jewish homeland. The push for a Jewish homeland was aided, in Britain and elsewhere, by fundamentalist Christians who encouraged the emigration of Jews as one way to accomplish two goals: depopulate Europe of Jews and fulfill Biblical prophecy. Fundamentalist Christians believe that the return of Christ must be preceded by a Jewish kingdom in the Holy Land). The Declaration’s Controversies The declaration was controversial from the start, and chiefly due to its own imprecise and contradictory wording. The imprecision and contradictions were deliberate—an indication that Lloyd George did not want to be on the hook for the fate of Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The Declaration did not refer to Palestine as the site of the Jewish homeland, but that of a Jewish homeland. That left Britains commitment to an independent Jewish nation very much open to question. That opening was exploited by subsequent interpreters of the declaration, who claimed that it was never intended as an endorsement of a uniquely Jewish state. Rather, that Jews would establish a homeland in Palestine alongside Palestinians and other Arabs established there for almost two millennia. The second part of the declaration—that â€Å"nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities†Ã¢â‚¬â€could be and has been read by Arabs as an endorsement of Arab autonomy and rights, an endorsement as valid as that proffered on behalf of Jews. Britain would, in fact, exercise its League of Nations mandate over Palestine to protect Arab rights, at times at the expense of Jewish rights. Britain’s role has never ceased to be fundamentally contradictory. Demographics in Palestine Before and After Balfour At the time of the declaration in 1917, Palestinians—which were the â€Å"non-Jewish communities in Palestine†Ã¢â‚¬â€constituted 90 percent of the population there. Jews numbered about 50,000. By 1947, on the eve of Israel’s declaration of independence, Jews numbered 600,000. By then Jews were developing extensive quasi-governmental institutions while provoking increasing resistance from Palestinians. Palestinians staged small uprisings in 1920, 1921, 1929 and 1933, and a major uprising, called the Palestine Arab Revolt, from 1936 to 1939. They were all quashed by a combination of British and, beginning in the 1930s, Jewish forces.

Women s Suffrage The Long Resisted Struggle Of Equal...

Nationalizing Women’s Suffrage: The long resisted struggle of equal right voting â€Å"Remember the ladies†, wrote boldly by the soon to be First Lady Abigail Adams to her husband John Adams in March 1776. Abigail Adams’s words were one of the first noted mentions in the United States foreshadowing the beginning of a long suppressed battle towards women’s suffrage. The fight for women suffrage was a movement in which women, and some men included, pleaded for equal rights regarding voting and women’s voice within the political realm. Women’s suffrage was not a matter of instant success; it endured a prolonged time to achieve. It was not until August 1920, about 14 decades later after Abigail Adam’s words, that the 19th amendment which had provided everyone the right to vote regardless of a person’s â€Å"sex†, had passed. Although the 19th amendment nationalized equal voting rights in the country in 1920, many states ratified this amendment in even later years. The lengthy period and long complex battles to wards victory were the result of many obstacles between suffragists and anti-suffragists; obstacles which hindered the movement’s progress and which are not limited to: traditionally accustomed values, religion, split arguments within the movement, and other national political setbacks. If these setbacks were handled differently in a more urgent manner, women suffrage might have achieved earlier than 1920 or in a shorter amount of gruesome activism period. First and foremost, inShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech- Womens Rights Essay1776 Words   |  8 Pagesdid Womens Rights Movement come about? Women were not allowed to vote. They usually could not get higher education. Often, they could not get jobs, and when they did, they get paid less than men for for the same work. They could not own property, in many countries, including England. In some places, if they had money and got married, the money became the property of their husbands. The Womens Rights Movement started because they were sick of the unfairness. Womens rights are the rights and elementsRead MoreWomen Before and After the Pahlavi Period in Iran5501 Words   |  23 PagesWomen Before and After the Pahlavi Period In Iran Hashem Alshakhas December 11 2013 Table of Contents Section Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Rise of Reza and Muhammad Shah†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 The first Pahlavi period- Reza Shah†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Modernization, unveiling and clash with the citizens†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 TheRead MoreIroquois Confederacy9092 Words   |  37 Pagesor people of the longhouse, referring to the construction of their homes, in which extended families of up to 50 people lived together in bark-covered, wooden-framed houses that were 50 to 150 feet long. They also envisioned their extended community as occupying a symbolic longhouse some 300 miles long, with the Mohawk guarding the eastern door and the Seneca the western. The origin of the name Iroquois is uncertain, although it seems to have involved French adaptations of Indian words. Among theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by MichaelRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesThe Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system

The Modern Mens Movement Essay Example For Students

The Modern Mens Movement Essay The 1970s saw the intensification of the feminist movement as a social,moral, and political force in the American arena. They focused their attentionon the systematic oppression of women in politics and business. They wereattacking male chauvinism, dominance, and a social system that relegated femalesto household duties. By most standards, the feminist movement has beensuccessful in nearly all of its endeavors. The result, however, has left theAmerican male uncertain of his own role in not only the dating arena, but thebusiness, marriage, and society in general. All the things that once made a mandesirable now make him the enemy of the advancement of women. The result hasbeen a reactionary Male movement. Though not as prominent in the media orpolitics the feminine counterpart, it has garnered a rather loyal followingthrough the 1980s and 1990s. It focuses not on mens rights, but functionsmore as a male bonding experience that educates and enlightens men about theirnew roles. Created in the mid 1980s, the Mythopoetic mens movement emanatesfrom the works of Robert Bly. His view is that the mens role has lost direction. The mens gatherings are to reconstruct a valid male initiation and role model. (Schocke)This male movement has been cautiously encouraged by womens groups. Most realize the new pressures being exerted on men by the changes in societyand recognize a male movement as a means to finding the new balance. I believethat we, I.e. men and women, need a mens movement in the sense of men thathave come to understand the evils of patriarchy These are men who areprepared to work in harmony with women to create a new society liberated frompatriarchy. (Hagan, 14) Women want and need the mens movement as bad or worsethen men do. The entire point of the feminist movement is to change men. Thoughnot overtly stated as such, the promotion of women must occur in mens thoughtsto happen in a society initially run by men. They must encourage men to not onlybond with each other, but to reconstruct their mindset in a way more appropriateto the new social structure. That is exactly the point of the mens movement. It is important hereto distinguish between different factions of the mens movement. There are morethan a few, but most fall into one of two categories. The smaller, lessimportant group deals with their frustration in a non-directed physical bondingmanner. They have gone so far as to assume initiation and celebration ritualssimilar to those of Native American culture. The larger group, includingfeminists and male liberationists, believe in feminization of the male character. Masculinity distorts an individuals nature. It puts him out of touch with hisemotions. Men do not cry. They do not touch each other. They do not form realfriendships. They are too silent. They are aggressive, achievement oriented,competitive bullies. (Stearns, 179) Stearns goes on to assert that by assumingmore feminine emotional and social traits that allow more healthy relationships. The problems with male-hood have not arisen as a result of menscomplacency, but the sudden rapid change in the status of women. Men may beless responsible for female dissatisfaction than womens inability to find thefamily an adequate substitute for traditional child bearing. (Stearn, 163)Suddenly, in the last decade, the role of the man has become uncertain. In the1950s and 60s, men were the breadwinners. A man brought to the marriage thecapability of support. The woman brought to the marriage the home and children. .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .postImageUrl , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:hover , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:visited , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:active { border:0!important; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:active , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Attention Keepers in The Most Dangerous Game EssayNow, the women also bring in the money and the man has become an optional partof the family. Women can now become successful on their own and children becomea burden. The man ends up wanting the family more than the woman, and must giveup power to have it. When man loses his worth to the relationship, he loses thepower and his traditional role also. This shift in power also allows women more room to criticize qualitiesthat have previously gone unnoticed. To old complaints about male brutality orinsufficient attention were added new ones More recently women have becomefreer to criticize male lack of emotional sharing and sexual incompatibility.(Stearn, 163) Most feminists recognize that the male movement is a response totheir changing wants and needs. Most men, likewise, recognize that a change intheir own behavior is needed to promote the social well-being of both sexes. The television media today is but a single example of many institutionsstriving to embrace the goals of the mens movement. One television show comesto mind immediately. Home Improvement, and Tim (the toolman) Taylor personifythe male striving to embrace the new order. Every episode features a man tryingshed his male, grunting, belching, insensitive past. No watcher of 1990ssitcoms is unfamiliar with the patented Tim Allen grunt. His goal in life seemsto be to keep his wife and kids happy without giving up his tools. That is whatthe mens movement seems to be about, letting men be happy, keep their family,and their toys, tools, or whatever it is they cherish. There are several questions that need to be asked when the idea ofchanging either of the sexes arises, however. Why are we trying to change thetraits that have evolved in man over the last thousand years? Further, thereare certain traits in the male psyche that are genetically based. Are westriving to change those traits or suppressing them? We cannot change thegenetic code that makes a man. The expression of those traits can not bealtered, just hidden. Todays society strives to hide or change personal features to fitself perception as well as a wanted public image. People change hair color,eye color, and now, even physical sexual characteristics to fit the way theywant society to see them. Is the new mens movement just a reflection of thistrend? Men have been bashed through the 1970s and 1980s. As a result, menstarted wanting to change their public image, lest they become referred to asNeanderthals. The resultant movement may be seeking to give the male species afacelift. Category: Social Issues