Bilingual Education Essay Example for Free

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Christian Worldview Essay Example for Free

Christian Worldview EssayWorldviewPart IWhat is a worldview? A worldview, is a response of our heart or inner being our intellect, emotion or will. It is the total framework we bring to decision-making (Weider Gutierrez, 2011, p.51). An example is the Christian worldview. The mood we as Christians behave should be in count correlation with the teachings of Jesus as to how we should live our lives. People who hold to the Christian worldview should morsel as if everything they do matters. Many Christians these days do not act in a consistent manner to what their worldview is (Keener). Part IIThe question of Origin, propagation 11 (ESV record) shows perfection creating the heavens and the landed estate in the beginning. deity is the infinite, personal, sovereign and good being who created the universe (Lefebvre, 2011). Isaiah 4518 (ESV Bible) describes how God created the heavens and formed the earth and create it and intended it to be inhabitated. The question of Identity- Genesis 127(ESV Bible) God created man in His own image. Psalm 13914(ESV Bible) I am fearfully and wonderfully made. It is because we are made in Gods image that sets us apart from all other aspects of creation.This identity with God bestows upon us great distinction. We have to understand as clearly as manageable what it means to be created in the image and likeness of God (Naugle, 2010). The Question of Meaning/Purpose- We as Christians believe that our map is to do the will of God. John 1516(ESV Bible) we are appointed to go and bear fruit. In Matthew 2819(ESV Bible) we are commanded to go and make disciples. Through-out the Bible, God has charged us with being the salt of the earth and light of the world, He has commanded us to go and compel them to come so that his house may be filled. As we can see our main purpose is to live a life that exemplifies Christ and leads others to Him.The Question of Morality- Romans 512-14(ESV Bible) sin entered the world. Romans 323(ESV Bible) we all have sinned and fall short of the Glory of God. God is the net standard of morality and because of the depravity of man we cannot live up to His standard, thus needing redemption through the blood of the Lamb, Jesus Christ. The Question of Destiny- it is clear throughout the Bible about our final destination. John316-17, John 513-14 (ESV Bible) and many other verses in the Bible make it clear that if we do not displace our faith and trust in God and accept the gift of salvation that we will not spend eternal life with Him but rather burn mark in the lake of fire. God also makes it clear that the gift of salvation cannot be earned Eph. 28-9. Part IIIA biblical worldview should influence the way you think about, treat, and speak to others on a daily basis because we should treat people how we would want to be treated, Matthew 712 (ESV Bible). If we are to believe that God created us in His likeness and He commands us to go out and make disciples for Him then we would have to also believe that we should think, treat and speak to others in a Christ like manner on a daily basis. To not do so would make us as Christians look insincere in the eyes of non-believers..treat/interact with the environment and non-human creation? In Genesis 126(ESV Bible) God commands us to have dominion over the earth and seize it. This does not mean that we can ravage the land and kill all the creatures on it. We are to be stewards of what God has given us and that includes the earth and the creatures on it.ReferencesKeener, D. (n.d.). What is a worldview?. Retrieved from http//www.dkeener.com/keenstuff/wv.htmlLefebvre, M. (2011, April 02). Worldviews-christian. Retrieved from http//warrantedbelief.wordpress.com/2011/04/02/worldviews-christianity/Naugle, D. (2010, February 14). Developing a biblical worldview. Retrieved from http//www.colsoncenter.org/the-center/columns/indepth/14423-developing-a-biblical-worldviewTackett, D. (n.d.). Whats a christian worldview?. Retrieved fr omhttp//www.focusonthefamily.com/faith/christian_worldview/whats_a_christian_worldview.aspxWeider, L., Gutierrez, B. (2011). Consider. Virginia Beach Academic Publishing Services, Inc.

The Electronic Voting Technology Politics Essay

The Electronic vote Technology Politics EssayElectronic take (also known as e- pick out) is a enclosure encompassing several different types of voting, embracing both electronic means of casting a vote and electronic means of counting votes. An electronic voting (E-Voting) system is a voting system in which the election data is recorded, stored and processed primarily as digital information.Electronic voting technology stomach include unlike internet voting system, optical scan voting systems and specialized voting kiosk 1. Sanjay et al (May 2011) also define e-voting as whatever system where electors cast their vote using an electronic system instead of cover ballot. Sanjay further explained that this electronic vote which is stored digitally is transferred from voting system to a counting system 11. E-Voting can be seen as a better form of voting as it eliminates several drawbacks in the traditional voting system. precisely Randolph C (2004) explain that even though e-voti ng system plays meaning(a) part in the general election process, there are several other important factors that provide contribute to the overall success of an election and this include processes, hatful and technology17.The current method of voting during general elections in gold coast is through paper base voting which comes with a lot of problems ranging from delay in voting resulting in long queues, squandert votes due to wrong thumb-printing and delay in declaring results. Ghana has held eight (8) successful presidential elections after independence, but always issue of vote rigging and the credibility of the results becomes an issue1330. These concerns arise from the fact that people dont have presumption in the current paper base voting system. The current paper base system is perceived to give room for manipulation of votes by officials at divers(a) polling stations and also at the collation centers 13.Also other issues faced with paper-based voting in Ghana are the p erception of political opponents bandaging the ballot boxes with already voted ballot papers, and delay in counting after vote has ended. These concerns are the main initiator for the investigation into a possible electronic voting system implementation for subsequent elections in Ghana.Electronic voting if well throwed and tested will try to alleviate these problems and perceptions, and reduce or do away completely with spoilt votes which in most cases, the percentage of spoilt ballot papers are more that the percentage received by some of the Presidential candidates38.E-Voting has been attracting a lot of interest in the country and has been a subject for discussion in various media during the past years. The interest of E-Voting is ranch across many sectors of the society, notably University and Polytechnic institutions where SRC elections are mostly conducted electronically through Electronic Voting System.As stated in Aviel D. Rubin February 27, 2004 report, elections allows the citizen to select their people who they deem fit to represent them. Naturally, the integrity of the election process is fundamental to the integrity of democracy itself. He further stated that any system that is form for election must be a system that can withstand any attack, and also must be a system which the voters can pick out and the various candidates can accept the election results without any dispute 2.But most often elections are being manipulated in order to influence their outcome. The design of a good voting system, whether electronic or using traditional paper ballots must satisfy a number of sometimes competing criteria. The anonymity of a voters ballot must be preserved, both to guarantee the voters safety when voting against a malevolent candidate, and to guarantee that voters have no evidence that proves which candidates received their votes. The voting system must also be tamper-resistant to prevent a wide range of attacks, including ballot stuffing by vote rs and incorrect tallying by insiders.The main tendency of the research is to suss out and come out with the most feasible and acceptable electronic voting system and improve upon the current design for discipline elections in Ghana taking into consideration our current ICT infrastructural or ICT penetration in Ghana.Problem StatementGhana Electoral Commission (EC) has conducted six (6) elections since the fourth republic, and in each of these instances we have been faced with challenges of bloated electoral register resulting into some voters voting more than once. There have been several reforms to ensure a credible voter register 3. But after all these reforms multiple voting still exists.Secondly, our current paper base voting comes with several challenges which include the following handle in vote counting after vote has ended at polling stationsVoters travelling long distance to polling stations to voteLow voter turnout as a result of voters queuing for long period at polli ng stationsMultiple VotingTampering of voting resultsHigh percentage of spoil ballot papers due to wrong thumb printingOverall cost of electoral materials (ballot boxes, ballot papers etc)The main focus of this research is to investigate and come out with suitable electronic voting system and improve upon the existing features for our national elections to curb these challenges. The research will investigate the suitability of remote electronic voting systems like internet voting and or voting electronically at various polling stations using a Direct arranging Electronic (DRE) something called a voting kiosk.Objective of the plainThe main objectives of this research is to investigate and discover the various methods of e-voting system that can be implemented for national elections, give a wide overview on the potential benefits and associated challenges in implementing Electronic Voting (E-Voting) in the Countrys general elections.The study has the following specific objectivesTo identify the various e-voting system that will be feasible to implement for our national electionsTo find out which of these methods is more acceptable by the voting populaceTo improve upon the reliable e-voting systemTo examine the potential challenges that are likely to surface for each implementationResearch QuestionsWhat are various E-Voting Systems that can be implemented for matter Elections?What will be the preferred e-voting methods for voters?What improvement or enhancement can be added to the preferred e-voting system?What are the potential benefits associated in implementing Electronic Voting (E-Voting) in the Countrys general elections?What are the associated challenges in implementing Electronic Voting (E-Voting) in the Countrys general elections?Significance of the studyImplementing electronic voting system for national elections will reduce drastically the amount of resources we spent on manual voting systems 11. It will also increase voter turnouts and delays in vo te counting and settlement of results. It will also eliminate multiple voting and tampering of voting results. Voters will not have to travel a longer distance to a voting center to cast his/her vote it will not require geographical proximity of the voters.Scope of the studyThis research is to investigate and improve on the current E-Voting systems that can be implemented for Ghana general elections, but considering the limited time and resources available I will focus on net income Voting system and Direct Online Voting at polling Stations (Voting Kiosk). I intend to limit the scope of the research to the voters around the regional capitals only and lucre security expert and System Developers from Expresso TelecomOrganization of the studyThe research work is organized into five (5) chapters.Chapter 1 discusses the introduction, the background of the study, problem statement, the objectives of the study, the significance, and scope of the study and the proposed methodology of the study. Chapter 2 of this thesis is a literature reviews some of the various methods of electronic voting techniques which have been used during elections around the world. The methods I employed to conglomerate information about various e-voting systems are described in Chapter 3, and the results of this information collection and the responses to this survey which were received is presented in Chapter 4, analysis of the Case study is presented in Chapter 5 and the conclusions drawn from those results are summarized in Chapter 5.

Comparison of Taxation in the UK and Bangladesh

Comparison of Taxation in the UK and BangladeshIntroductionTaxation It is c erstwhilerned with the customs duty of a countries regimen acquiring monetary fund from its countries populace in order for them to fund their familiar services. 1For instance, revenue enhancement is used to build and maintain its public roads, public libraries, parks etc. Taxation is also used to support the countries security services like the police, army, etc.Task 1Taxation plays a crucial role for countries through let out worldwide. However, here we ar going to discuss brief descriptions of Taxation in United earth (U.K.) and Taxation in Bangladesh.UK has a rather elaborate tax environment and it has several types of taxes, function and purpose, revenue law and practices. They are described below.Function and Purpose of Taxation in new-fangled Economy in UKGovernments tax policies in the UK are affected by the following factorsEconomic cyphersSocial Factorsenvironmental FactorsEconomic Factors unclutter position in connection with taxation and expenditure of the government, on with the borrowing protocol of its public sector has an influence upon the UKs level of economic activities.Countries government generally prefers long-term planning which illustrates the capacity of the total resources of the economy which the government give allocate and the amount be given for the private sectors.Demand for particularised kinds of goods depart be influenced. Different sectors level of employment along with different private sector suppliers profitability will be influenced by the changes in the demand level.Tax policies are used by the government in order to inspire and demoralize specific kinds of activities.Government believes that the latter taxes and duties beam the additional costs for the entire country. Nonetheless, Government requires increasing fund in order to invest in particular area where there arent any consumers upon which the essential taxes can be subjected to tax like defense, law and order, overseas aid and also the expenditure required for operating the Government and Parliament.Social FactorIt is usually considered by whatsoever as a Fair way to go more or less, while on the other(a) hand other may theorise of it as an en masse Unfair way to do things.For instance, some particular people in the free market are able to rag much larger quantity of income and capital in comparison to other people. Finally whenever the wealth is amassed it only leads to the growth of that wealth through the means of re coronations of investment income that they gained. This ultimately ends up in the rich amassing more wealth and the poor getting even poorer, which leads to the economic scale organism out of balance nitty-gritty that economic power mainly focused in the hands of few individuals.Taxation policies are there to counteract the problem of economic scale being out of balance, which prevents the rich from getting richer and the poor fro m getting poorer.There are different taxes which influences society.Within Direct Tax and Indirect Tax many types of taxes reflect under the categories.Different point of view remains about equitable even though nearly eitherone agrees that taxation ought to be equitable or fair.Environmental FactorsThe movement of taxation formation is relatively slow regarding the environmental concerns accommodation, especially in the areas of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and also global warming.However, changes in the taxation system of rules have been introduced in order to accommodate the environmental concerns.Only the effects of the 3rd point will be directly be felt by ordinary people, while the others are going to be felt by those in charge of the business.Overall structure of the United Kingdom (U.K.) tax system and Sources of Revenue Law and Practice are mainly superintended by the HMRC (Her Majestys Revenue and customs).Overall structure of the U.K. tax systemTaxation collections are formally enforce by the Treasury. Responsibility of administration of the Treasury falls under the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The role of governing for collecting tax is initiated by HMRC (Her Majestys Revenue and Customs).Officers of the Revenue and Customs are made k directlyn in the tax law as the someonenel of the HMRC. Fundamentally, they are the ones duty-bound for overseeing the system of self-appraisal and acknowledging liabilities of taxation. Receivable prudence Officers are those officers who are responsible for collecting tax. They are provincial civil servants who are answerable for investigating number of taxes which are left unpaid contract to them by the HMRC Accounts Office.Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) They give legitimate consultation and doctrine and also handles prosecutions of criminals which has been analyzed by the HMRC (Her Majestys Revenue and Customs).Tax appeals are noted by the Tax Tribunal which is comprised of 2 tiers.Sources o f Revenue LawGenerally, decree imposes the taxes. Statutory Instruments ordains the etiquette as closely as Acts of Parliament. Decree is made separate and augmented by case law.HMRC (Her Majestys Revenue and Customs) are also responsible for imposing the following points.HMRC publications doesnt have the force of law, but few of the tubful briefings does wherever authority have been designated subsidiary to constitution.United Kingdom (U.K.) tax system interacts with that of European Union (E.U.) as well as other countries.European Union (E.U.)Its members has a major influence on U.K. taxes, even though there arent any prerequisite enforced upon its raises (e.g., members of the E.U.) to step towards the typical taxation system or to coordinate their own unique system of tax. Directives which are specific laws will be agreed by the states to enact which give for a familiar taxation code within distinct field of their own systems of taxation.Value Added Tax (V.A.T) is without a d oubt the most significant reference currently up-to-date. U.K. is duty-bound to accommodate its legislation in accordance with the guideline set forth in the E.U. mandate. Directives of Value Added Tax (V.A.T) will accept some laissez faire amongst its state members (e.g. set up taxation rates). There are only a handful of illustrations of Directives in the field of Direct Taxes. Its main interest in the subject will be associated with cross-border dividend, interest payments and also corporate reorganizations.Nonetheless, being influenced by the provisions of the treaties of E.U., those states who are member must allow of privilege of transferal of workforce, wealth, as well as, the right to set-up mtier anywhere interior of the boundaries of the E.U. These accord arrangements have a direct effect.European Justice Court consistently pointed out that the policy of tax which victimizes non-residents is contradictory to the laws of European Union (E.U.), except in cases where there is powerful rationale regarding interest of the public.Other CountriesUnited States of America (U.S.A.) along with several other countries has a treaty with the United Kingdom (U.K.) which is known as the Double Tax Treaty. Incorporated within this decree are regulations which thwart earnings and benefits being taxed not just once but twice. Also, included within this decree, the law which forbids nationals from foreign countries from being discriminated (e.g. treating nationals with benevolence, while on the other hand treating the non-residents with prejudice). Additionally, statute exists which allows different Revenue administration to share intelligence.The system of taxation of U.K. grants alleviation for taxes which are paid in foreign countries, even though there is no double tax relief.Task 2Tax Practitioner They are the people who are being paid to prepare taxes every year.12Tax Practitioner has several responsibilities and critical obligations.Task 3As, Mr. Abids tax lawy er one can give couple of recommendations regarding his entitlement, exemptions and obligations for taxation in the United Kingdom (U.K.) tax environment.First and foremost, Mr. Abid isnt currently a resident of United Kingdom (U.K.). However, his wife Mrs. Narida is an United Kingdom (U.K.) resident living(a) in the United Kingdom (U.K.) currently. Mrs. Narida has accessories business in the United Kingdom (U.K.) and she is also helping her husband (i.e. Mr. Abid) business of selling accessories in the United Kingdom (U.K.) as his proxy.Here, currently he is obligated to pay income tax and also corporate tax in two the countries due to the provision known as Double Tax Treaty due to the fact that he is not a resident of the United Kingdom (U.K.) as of yet. And for this instance, he wont get an exemption on income and gains however, he would have gotten some exemptions if he was a resident of the United Kingdom (U.K.), but doing business outside the country.It would be much easie r for him to become a resident of United Kingdom (U.K.) be endeavor his wife is currently a resident of United Kingdom (U.K.). Once he becomes a resident of the United Kingdom (U.K.), he is required to be present in the country of United Kingdom (U.K.) for at least half-a-year/ or about six months (approximately 183 Days) or more. But, if he were to make commodious annual visit to the United Kingdom (U.K.) like for a time length of approximately 91 Days or more in a year for 4 or more perpetual years then he will be considered as a resident of the country of United Kingdom (U.K.), and will be entitled to pay taxes according to the rules and regulations of United Kingdom (U.K.) tax system.Again, once Mr. Abid is a resident of the country of United Kingdom (U.K.), he is also entitled to pay Council Tax. His wife Mrs. Narida lives in a rented house with his mother whose progress is around 70 Years. And so, when he becomes a United Kingdom (U.K.) resident, he may get an exemption on hi s Council Tax, based upon the fact that an aged person is also living with them. It is generally, better for large number of people to live together because depending on the size and type of people living in the position can be a powerful rationale for exemption like single person, or people living with children under the age of 18, or the alter and pensioners are entitled to exemptions.Next would be Inheritance Tax. Mr. Abid, 8 years in the past got a house as a wedding endue which was worth more than 310,000. Mr. Abid inherited it from his wife. So, he has to pay Inheritance Tax. He may have gotten so exemptions but due to the fact he isnt a resident of the country of United Kingdom (U.K.), he is not going to get any kind of tax exemption.Next is Capital Gains Tax. Mr. Abid will also have to pay Capital Gains Tax, once he sells the house which was given to him as a wedding present by his wife Mrs. Narida.And now finally we come to Value Added Tax (V.A.T.). Value Added Tax (V.A .T.) is a system of taxation which is internationally practiced. So, no matter which country he/she is staying in they all have to pay Value Added Tax (V.A.T.) which also includes the country of United Kingdom (U.K.).Case 2Tax Non-Compliance is mainly comprised of Tax outflow and Tax Avoidance.Generally, the distinction between Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance is rather vague to say the least however, there are some differentiations between them.Here, in Case 2, at first Tanzila received property income of 5,000 but accidently entered the figure on her tax return as 500. While on the other hand, Mitu received property income of 7,000 and deliberately declared 5,000 on her tax return.In both these cases, both of them have misled HMRC (Her Majestys Revenue and Customs) by providing wrong teaching. So, they both committed the crime of Tax Evasion. However, there is a subtle difference between them.In Tanzilas case, while she did provide misleading information to the HMRC, she did no t do so purposely she entered the information wrong by accident. She didnt mean to give the wrong information deliberately. And so, this will be tough as minor case of Tax Evasion and will be dealt out of count on the payment of penalties. Because, there is no need to cause too much trouble for such unintentional mistakes.While on the other hand, Mitu deliberately provided HMRC with false information. So, unlike Tanzilas case this cannot be hardened as case of minor human error. Here, she intentionally trying to evade tax which is a serious crime of Tax Evasion, As such, Mitu will be subjected to criminal prosecutions, which might ultimately end up in her having to pay fines and/or imprisonment on conviction.1 http//www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/taxation2 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom3 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Bangladesh4 http//www.investopedia.com/terms/d/directtax.asp5 http//www.investopedia.com/terms/i/indirecttax.asp6 http//www.inves topedia.com/terms/i/incometax.asp7 http//www.investopedia.com/terms/c/corporatetax.asp8 http//www.investopedia.com/terms/i/inheritancetax.asp9 http//www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capital_gains_tax.asp10 http//www.thefreedictionary.com/council+tax11 http//www.investopedia.com/terms/v/valueaddedtax.asp12 https//answers.yahoo.com/question/ tycoon?qid=20101127121537AAXMjCR13 http//www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-roles-responsibilities-tax-practitioner-44176514 http//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tax_noncompliance15 http//www.investopedia.com/terms/t/taxevasion.asp16 http//www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tax_avoidance.asp17 http//www.nouse.co.uk/2013/01/22/what-is-the-difference-between-tax-evasion-and-tax-avoidance/

Oxidative Decolourisation of Rosaniline Hydrochloride (RAH)

Oxidative Decolourisation of Rosaniline Hydrochloride (RAH)energizing, thermodynamic studies for oxidation of rosaniline hydrochloride dishonor by persulphate in ambient temperaturesZ. M. Abou-Gamra*AbstractThe dynamics of the oxidative decolourisation of rosaniline hydrochloride (RAH) by sodium persulphate was studied spectrophotometrically over pH govern 3.5-9.5 at 30-45 oC. The chemical reaction was second order with respect to dye and half order to persulphate. Increasing the pH of the medium increased the rate of decolourisation dramatically in alkaline medium. The Activation Parameters were make up to be 62.11 kJ mol-1, 90.33 kJ mol-1 and -98.44J K-1 mol-1 with respect to energizing energy, free energy and entropy respectively. Addition of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate had no effect on the rate of decolourisation.Key wards Kinetics, Mechanism, Degradation, Rosaniline, Persulphate.1. IntroductionTextile discolour influence is significant source of env press outmental pollution. It produces large amounts of highly colored effluents, which generally toxic resistant to destruction by biological treatment methods. galore(postnominal) physical, chemical processes such as adsorption 1, electrochemical 2, photocatalytic 3 are used to remove the dyes from waste water. Chemical oxidative processes seem to provide anopportunity for prospective use in industrial wastewater. Examples of such authorizationly effective chemical oxidants for oxidative processes include Fenton reagent 4-5, KBrO3 6-7 and KClO3 8.*corresponding author e-mail emailprotectedThe use of persulfate has recently aid as an alternative oxidant in the chemical oxidation of contaminants 9-12. Persulphate (KPS) is one of the strongest oxidants known in aqueous solution and has a higher potential (Eo = 2.01 V) than H2O2 (Eo = 1.76 V) 13 put back 1. It offers some advantages over other oxidants as a solid chemical at ambient temperature with ease of storage and transport, high stability, high aqueous solubility and relatively low cost. It has great capability for degrading numerous organic contaminants through free radicals ( SO4-. and HO.) generated in the persulphate system 12.Basic dyes, such as, crystal violet, malachite young and roseaniline hydrochloride are used cotton tannin, mordant printing and discolour in stuff. Rosaniline is triphenylmethane dyes with amino stem on each phenyl ring. Its structure is easily reducible where the chromophore group is destroyed and the compound loses its colour. Redox reaction of rosaniline hydrochloride by sulphite and nitrite ions are reported early 14-16.This work focused on the kinetic study of oxidation of rosaniline hydrochloride with persulphate at ambient temperature spectrophotometrically. The effects of pH, dye, persulphate meannesss and temperature were studied. Also machine as well as rate law equation for the reaction is proposed.2. Experimental2.1. Reagents and materialsAll chemicals were of pure form and were used without further purification. Rosaniline hydrochloride BDH (molecular weight =337.8, max = 540 nm). The chemical structure of (RAH) is given in (Fig.1). NaCl and Na2SO4 were purchased from Merck. All solutions were prepared using bidistilled water. Stock solutions of dye (1 mM), K2S2O8 (100mM) were prepared. The pH is adjusted by HCl and NaOH solutions.2.2. Kinetic experimentsAll kinetic measurements were carried out using a Cecil 292 spectrophotometer equipped with a water-jacketed cell holder. The reactants (dye and K2S2O8+NaOH) were thermostated for 15 min., then mixed thoroughly and promptly transferred to an absorption cell. The progress of the reaction was monitored at 540 nm. The pH of the reaction was adjusted using Griffin pH-meter fitted with a combined glass calomel electrode.3. Results and DiscussionKinetic study for oxidation of (RAH) by (KPS) was followed at max= 540nm. Figure 2 shows the decreasing of absorbance with cartridge clip. Figure 2 also sho ws that about 85% of rosaniline is removed in 60 minutes at temperature 25 oC.3.1 Kinetic studyIn the present study, zero-, first- and second-order reaction kinetics were used to study the decolourization kinetics of (RAH) by (KPS). The single expression were represented belowCt = Co kotlnCt = -k1t + ln Co1/Ct = 1/Co+ k2twhere Ct is the concentration of (RAH) at reaction time t.Regression analysis based on the zero-, first- and second-order reaction kinetics for the decolourization of (RAH) by (KPS) was conducted and the results were shown in (Fig. 3). Since plotting of At versus time did not give straight line zero-order kinetics is excluded. Comparing the regression coefficients (R2) obtained from (Fig. 3b) and (Fig. c), it can be seen that R2 of the second-order reaction kinetics (Fig. 3c) was 0.9995, which was obviously much better than that based on the first-order (R2 = 0.9394) reaction kinetics. The results indicated that the decolorization kinetics of (RAH) followed the sec ond-order kinetics well. found on the above analysis, the second-order kinetic rate constants for the decolourization of (RAH) at different reaction conditions were shown in disconcert 2.3.2. Effect of pHA thermally activated persulphate oxidation system is known to involve SO4. and HO. radicals depending on the pH of the medium. According to literature survey, SO4. is predominant oxidant radicals at pH 7, both SO4. and HO. are present at neutral pH and HO. is predominant radical at pH 99. Keeping the concentration of (RAH), (KPS) and temperature constant and change the pH in range 3.5 to 9.5, the rate of reaction is increased by increasing the pH value, (Fig. 4). Increasing the pH in range 3.5 to 9.5 increased observed rate constant from 6.7x 10-4 to 6.8 x 10-3 mol dm3 s-1, Table 2. This is probably attributed to the effect of hydroxyl ion on (RAH) which converting it to a carbinol base with no conjugation structure. All studies have done at pH = 9 since dyeing cotton performed i n alkaline medium 17.3.3. Effect of dye concentrationThe effect of initial (RAH) concentration of aqueous solution of rosaniline on oxidation process by persulphate was investigated since pollutant concentration is important parameter in wastewater treatment. The observed rate constant decreases linearly with increasing the initial concentration of rosaniline, (Fig. 5). This is attributed to relatively let down of SO4-. and HO. results from the increasing of rosaline concentration while concentration of persulphate and hydroxyl ions remains the same. The obtained results was in good agreement earlier reported 18-19.3.4. Effect of persulphate concentrationIncreasing the persulphate concentration in rang 410-3 to 2.4x 10-2 mol dm-3 increasing the rate constant from 3.1310-3 to 9.9210-3 mol-1dm3 s-1 at pH= 9 and temperature 40oC, Table 2. Plotting of log kobs versus log K2S2O8 give straight line of tilt equals 0.63 indicating the order of reaction with respect to persulphate is half, (Fig. 6). This is similar to results obtained by T. Mushinga and S. Jonnalagadda 20. Also the fraction order ( n = 0.779) with respect to persulphate is obtained by M. Ahmadi et al19.3.5. Effect of temperatureThe variation of the temperature in range of 303-318 K increases the rate of decolourization of rosaniline, (Fig. 7). The activation energy was calculated from Arrhenius plot and Eyring equation and was found to be 62.11 kJ mol-1. The activation energy for decolourisation of RY84 was 45.84 kJ mol-119 while for decolourisation of CV by persulphate was 28.9 kJ mol-118. Chen-Ju Liang and Shun-Chin Huang present that the activation energy for MB with persulphate was 87 and 90 kJ mol-1 in acidic and alkaline medium respectively 9. The other activation parameters were determined and are found to be 90.33 kJ mol-1 and -98.44 JK-1 for free energy and entropy respectively.3.6. Effect of inorganic anionsThe potent effect of persulphate as oxidizing agent in destroying the organic conta minants is high redox potential of sulphate free radical. The front line of other species in waste water such as chloride, sulphate and phosphate could reduce its oxidation efficiency. It is reported earlier 21 that chloride can react with sulphate free radicals according to the following applianceChloride concentrations had insignificant effect in studied range 0.008- 0.08 mol dm-3. Also the presence of sulphate did not reduce the decolourisation rate. Similar results are observed earlier 21-23.4. Reaction Mechanism and Rate LawThe probable mechanism of reaction involves the hold of conjugation of roseaniline hydrochloride. Since the fraction order of persulphate is observed, It handlely that the initial reaction is thermal decomposition of persulphate,Applying equilibrium approximation and assuming an equilibrium between the reactant and product of (eq. 1)From (eqs.5 6)If the proposed mechanism and rate low are probable, so plotting of kobs versus S2O82-1/2 should yielded stra ight line passing by origin and the slope should be equals k x K1/2. victimization the data in Table 3 and the plot gave straight line passing by the origin with slope =0.065 (R2 = 0.9557) which support the proposed mechanism.ConclusionIn this study, (RAH) was successfully degraded in aqueous solutions by the persulphate and it was found that the reaction of (RAH) abjection follows the second-order kinetic model with respect to (RAH) and half order to persulphate. The activation energy for (RAH) degradation with the persulphate was determined to be 62.11 kJ mol-1.The presence of inorganic ions such as NaCl and Na2SO4 had no effects on the (RAH) degradation.References1- Z. M. A bou-Gamra, H. A. Medien, Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies of Rhodamine B adsorption by low cost of biosorbent sugar cane bagasseEur. Chem. Bull., 2(7) (2013) 417-422.2-M. Jovi, D. Stankovi, D. Manojlovi, I. Anelkovi, A. Mili, B. Dojinovi1, G. Rogli, Study of the electrochemical oxidation of reac tive textile dyes using platinum electrode, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8 (2013) 168-183.3-J. ma, P. Hasal, Photocatalytic degradation of textile dyes in aTiO2/UVsystem chemical engineering transaction 32 (2013) 79-84.4- Z. M. Abou-Gamra, Kinetic of decoloration of alizarine red S in aqueous media by Fenton like mechanism, Eur. Chem. Bull., 3(1) (2014) 108-112.5- H. A. Medien, S. M. E. Khalil, Kinetics of the oxidative decolorization of some organic dyes utilizing Fenton-like reaction in water J. King Saud Univ. (Science), 22 (2010) 147-153.6-A.H. Gemeay, G.R. El-Ghrabawy, A.B. Zaki, Kinetics of the oxidative decolorization of Reactive Blue-19 by acidic react in homogeneous and heterogeneous media Dyes Pigments 73 (2007) 90-97.7-M. Nasiruddin Khan, Z. Siddiqui, F. Uddin, Kinetic and mechanism study of the oxidative decolorization of neutral Red by bromate in micellar Medium, J. Iran. Chem. Soc., 6(3) (2009), 533-541.8- Y. Mohammed, A.C. Etonihu, V.A. Tsa, Hexamethylpararosaniline ch loride (crystal violet) oxidation by chlorate ions in aqueous acidic medium approach to the mechanism of reaction, Trakia J. Sci. 9 (2011) 1-7.9-C. Liang, S. Huang, Kinetic model for sulfate/hydroxyl radical oxidation of methylene mettlesome in a thermally-activated persulfate system at various pH and temperatures, Sustain Environ. Res., 22(4) (2012) 199-208.10-C. Liang, Z. Wang, C. J. Bruell, Influence of pH on persulfate oxidation of TCE at ambient temperatures, Chemosphere 66 (2007) 106-113.11-X. Xu, X. Li, Degradation of azo dye Orange G in aqueous solutions by persulfate with ferrous ion, Separation and Purification Technology 72 (2010) 105-111.12-X. Xu, S. Li, J. Liu, Y. Yu, H. Li, Activation of persulfate and Its environmental application, International J. of Environment and Bioenergy, 1(1) (2012) 60-81.13- D.C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 4th Edition, W.H. Freemanand Company, New York, 1995.14- J.F. Iyun,. H.M. Lawal, Non- metal redox kinetics the reduction of p ararosaniline chloride by sulphite ions acidic solutions, J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria 22(1997)155-159.15- O.A. Babatunde, Kinetics and mechanism of reduction of parafuchsinby nitrite Ions in aqueous Acid Medium, World ledger of Chemistry 4 (1) (2009) 39-44.16- J.F. Iyun, O.D. Onu, Nigerian J. Chem. question, 3 (1998), 24.17- A. Walters, D. Santillo, P. Johnston, An Overview of Textiles Processing and Related Environmental Concerns. Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK, 2005, p.16.18-L.M.A. Fayoumi, M.A. Ezzedine, H.H. Akel, M.M. El Jamal, Kinetic study of the degradation of crystal violet by K2S2O8 comparison with malachite green, Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta 30(2) (2012) 121-133.19- M. Ahmadi, J. Behin, A. R. Mahnam, Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxydisulfate oxidation of reactive yellow 84, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2013), in press.20- T. Mushinga, S. B. Jonnalagadda, A kinetic approach for the me chanism of malachite green-peroxydisulphate reaction in aqueous solution, International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, 24 (1992), 41-49.21-Y. Lee, S. Lo, J. Kuo, C. Hsieh, Decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid by microwave activated persulfate Effects of temperature, pH, and chloride ions, Frontiers Environ. Sci. Engin., 6(1) (2012), 17-25.22-B. E. T. Soares, M. A. Lansarin, C. C. Moro, A study of process variables for catalytic degradation, Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 24(1) (2007) 29- 36.23-A. H. Mcheik, M. M. El Jamal, Kinetic study of the decolorization of rhodamine B with persulphate, iron activation, Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 48(4) (2013) 357-365.1

Sigmund Freud :: Psychoanalysis

Sigmund FreudPsychoanalysis, method of treating mental illness, was Sigmund Freuds most recognized work. In 1938, Freud was eighty-two years old and was squeeze to flee to London because he was Jewish. He died the following year with many accomplishments and went through plenty of hardships in his life time. Thats why Sigmund Freud has influenced American politically, socially, and political orientation because he changed the countrys perception on how people think, dream, and the things they do.Sigmund Freud was born on May 6th, 1856 in Frieberg, Moravia. Which is present day Czech Republic. Sigmund Freud was the son of Jacob and Amalia Freud. Sigmunds family was Jewish, the population of Frieberg was one hundred and thirty Jews, out of four thousand and five hundred ,and the rest were Catholic. During this time period Jewish people had to go on to different countries because they were persecuted or had legal restrictions, banishments or slaughtered. Thats when the Freuds moved t o Tysmenite. This was popular for Jews and it was the center to Jewish learning and scholarships. Sigmund had two half brothers from his fathers first of all marriage. thusly Sigmund Freuds parents had another son and named after Amalia brother. The baby died the same way her brother did. After that she zoned away and didnt take care of Sigmund. They hired a maid to take care of things. A couple years later, Jacob and Amalia started to have kids again. They had five daughters and another son. Little bit after that Sigmunds fathers business collapsed and things started to fall downhill for the family. Sigmund Freud did outstanding in school, he received his checkup degree from University in 1881. Before he became interested in the medical field, he wanted to study natural science and to solve challenging problems concerning scientists. Sigmund Freud was influenced by many people. Right after Sigmund finished school, he changed his career to a psychiatrists. Between 1885 and 1886 h e went to work in a clinic in Paris with Jean Charcot. Then later in 1886 opened a private make in Vienna. He devoted half an hour everyday to self-analysis. His psychiatric expanded when he became a professor at Vienna University. Sigmunds first book was published in 1895, Studies in Hysteria, the co-author was Josef Breur. The next ten years of Sigmunds life he was working with Josef Breur. In 1908, was the first world(prenominal) Psychoanalytic Congress developed.

Buying A Personal Computer :: essays research papers

In our report we hope to provide a helpful and detailed guide to buying a personal computer. Our aim is to be sufficient to meet our students needs without exceeding our budget. We will cover input, output and storage devices and provide a realistic and practical advice for the buyer. We have chosen to find two PCs within our budget one of the PCs is a bottom of the range inexpensive PC from PC World which may seem like you argon getting a deal. However, when we have concluded our report you will see why it isnt kind of the bargain it appears to be. The processor is a vital component it is in some way responsible for every single thing the PC does. The processor is to a fault a major determinant of overall system cost the newer and more powerful the processor, the more expensive the machine will be. The processors in both PCs are not Pentium however they are clones of the Pentium. As shown in the chart above (below) you can see that the PC from Computer Warehouse is faster as it is an AMD K6/2 500mhz processor compare to the Cyrix 400mhz in the other, the former is besides a more recent design. The AMD K6/2 also offers Pentium Pro class performance. For a students basic calculate needs it is not necessary to have the fastest most up to date processor. Since we have to stay within a budget it is necessary to obtain value for money, the AMD K6/2 offers us this.It is true in regards to hard drives you can never have too much storage. Buying lots of capacity is ache because data files tend to grow to fill the available space. More software fills up more space, on the grounds that with todays hard drives you can lose 100MB or so without noticing it. Again the Computer Warehouse PC is of much better value as it is 10.2gb compared to the 4.2gb of the other computer. The fact that the Computer Warehouse PC is also IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) also is a money saver.