group aggression essays

bunch animosity expositions What happens when individuals meet up and express feelings of hostility as posses or gatherings? Things, for example, plays, magazine articles and logical diaries all propose that every people feelings of animosity are expanded and this at last prompts a sensational display of forceful feelings. In the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, characters, for example, Mercutio and Tybalt are undoubtfully committed to regarding their familys name, and are not reluctant in utilizing viciousness to do as such. This specific dedication is additionally found in the article in the Bulletin named Bondi, Beirut and the enormous untruth distributed on page 30 where youthful Lebanese packs are being accused for a progression of assaults and fights. Additionally, with the time of innovation propelling, researchers, for example, Konrad Lorenz are presently ready to demonstrate the association between extraordinary hostility and gatherings of individuals, through specific trials, for example, that of the rodents. At the point when Shakespeare composed Romeo and Juliet 400 years prior, he gave no or little thought to what's to come. In any case, what he didn't understand was that the forceful assaults showed by the Montagues and the Capulets in the seventeenth century would traverse ages, to envelop young people of the contemporary universes and their practices. As Tybalt, a brutally furious character, said to Mercutio what, drawn, and discuss harmony! I loathe the word as I detest heck, all Montagues, and thee. (Act I scene I) Tybalts own animosity fuelled the hostility of the entire Capulet family, which brought about different episodes of viciousness. Along these lines, it is evident to perceive how one characters hostility can urge others to become forceful likewise, as observed in Mercutios reaction to Tybalts animosity And however single word with one of us? Couple it with something; make it a word and a blow. (Act III scene I) The content that I have concentrated over the span of this unit... <!

Name Micah Delo Essays - Harry Houdini, Spiritualism, Escapologists

Name: Micah Delo Title of Book: The Great Houdini; Magician Extraordinary Creator: Beryl Williams and Samuel Epstein Distributer: Julian Messner Where Published: New York At the point when Published: 1966 Number of pages: 178 1. Who is the subject of the book? The subject of my book is Ehrich Weiss, otherwise called the ?Great Houdini?. 2. What parts of the book made it charming? Well I truly loved a portion of his stunts and popular breaks. I additionally enjoyed the manner in which he and his significant other never quit attempting to discover a bazaar or act to play at. They never got down on themselves for not getting a demonstration to play at. 3. Express the subject's most extraordinary character quality. Refer to confirm from the book to help your announcement. Houdini's most exceptional character characteristic was his perseverence. Once, when Ehrich was urgently attempting to advance the demonstration he called The Houdini Brothers, which was generally fruitless. His disappointments were especially debilitating with the passing of his dad, not long after the new profession was propelled. He was left with expanded awareness of other's expectations for his family and particularly for his mom. He would not surrender. Some other time he got a demonstration at Tony Pastor's show. Pretty much the best show around. He performed better than he at any point had. At the point when he asked Mr. Minister for a support the man pulled out a piece of paper and composed, ?Satisfactory and fascinating?. He took Mr. Minister's announcement to twelve specialists, however the operators just gestured and gave it back. He didn't surrender, a nd a little while later he got an encouragement to perform with Welsh Brothers' Circus. At long last, he didn't get down on himself for getting things done at a general store for the vast majority of his initial life to get cash to eat and pay the lease. 4. Give blunt analysis of the story including purposes behind your announcements. In certain pieces of the book the sentences ran on until the end of time. At the point when I arrived at the finish of them, I saw them as trivial. 5. Compose a synopsis of the book. Feature the individual's triumphs and disappointments. Ehrich Weiss was conceived on April 6, 1874. Only a couple of months before the Weiss family had moved to the United States from Hungary. They settled in Appleton, Wisconsin. In Hungary his dad was an exceptionally regarded educator; yet here in Appleton it was extraordinary. Here he was a more odd and uninformed of numerous things they themselves underestimated. Ehrich took his expert family name from that of the French entertainer Jean Eugene Robert-Houdin. Houdini started his profession in 1882 as a trapeze entertainer. Later he got well known for his exhibitions of accomplishments of enchantment. He demonstrated extraordinary capacity in removing himself from cuffs, ropes, bolted trucks, and obligations of any kind. At one time he had himself tied and them secured a pressing case, which was bound with steel tape and dropped into the harbor off the Battery in New York City. Houdini showed up on the outside of the water in 59 seconds. Houdini ascribed every one of his accomplishments of enchantment to normal, physical impacts. He likewise clarified what number of his stunts were performed. He uncovered the stunts of deceitful spiritualistic mediums, regularly creating ?spiritualistic? wonders himself that he clarified in nonmystical, physical terms. Before he kicked the bucket, Houdini organized a complete trial of mysticism. He formulated a ten-word code that he would impart to his better half, if conceivable, inside ten years after his demise. After he passed on, different mediums kept up that they had the option to build up contact with him, yet none had the option to transmit to his better half the prearranged code. He left his library of enchantment, one of the most important on the planet, to the Library of Congress. Among his works are The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin, Miracle Mongers and their Methods, and A Magician Among the Spirits. A choice of his compositions, Houdini on Magic, showed up after death in 1954. He performed until his demise in 1926.

How Writing Can Make You Happier, Healthier and Emotionally Strong

How Writing Can Make You Happier, Healthier and Emotionally Strong “Tears are words that need to be written.” ? Paulo Coelho Writing is gut instinct communication at first. For the unpolished it’s rather rough and guttural, unsweetened. For the polished and seasoned writer, a road far less traveled, it often becomes easier to speak through the sounds of typing/scribbling than verbal conversation. In whatever manner you write, and for any reason, it is an act of necessity. Some people only write in their checkbooks, but those brief descriptions and numbers provide a mental blanket of safety every month. Others, they only write their prayers, to all manner of unforeseen forces but this uncertainty and mysticism adds flavor to what they perceive to be an otherwise mundane existence. Writing becomes the ultimate outlet of emotional baggage. Or, it can become a rather lucrative career, and through that writing becomes a great source of contentment and personal satisfaction. Let’s take a look at how writing can promote emotional stability, happiness, and a greater degree of health in your life. Writing Makes You Happier Individual The next time you’re incredibly scared or worried, stressed that life may be turning down a dark road, write out a plan for survival and redemption. Before you finish the first sentence you’ll feel better. Why? Because writing is just a bunch of mini-tasks. This word then this word. One sentence at a time you begin to take back control. You start to map out your ideas. You start writing out your asset list. You begin to craft a plan of attack! Writing makes you a happier person because there’s little else that can plausibly spawn from self-awareness. Fiction writing can allow us to experience things that provide tremendous psychological benefit. Most of the time, it’s about escape and entertainment. Being someone, or somewhere that we might not ever really get a chance to be. Non-fiction can become a way of teaching, training and helping other people. This in turn always makes us feel better, deep down in our core, to be alive. Imagine all the folks out there changing the world through modern self-publishing. Web-writing and composing for a digital crowd can be quite the experience as well, allowing us to connect with people all over the world. Being able to reach out and impact others, or just being able to make an impact on ourselves through writing is one of the reasons it has the potential to make us much happier human beings. Oh, and remember that the foundation for every major modern blockbuster movie started out as words on the page. Or, in the white. Writing Makes You Healthier Person In general, modern emerging philosophies tell is that we are what we think. Vast studies far and wide from all corners of the globe going back to when humans were first transplanted on Earth from Mars, show that happiness produces positive biological/physiological results. From head to toe, why just the very act of flexing your “smile muscles” causes your brain to release pleasant neurochemicals. For many people writing becomes a void where they deposit all the things that bog them down. As they uplift themselves, they smile more, exercise more, interact with others more and so on. One of the very first things that every serious physical trainer, or fitness trainer, prescribes to their clients is a diet journal. Through writing down their foods and exercises they learn and craft for more perspective. One of the first things that most psychologists and psychiatrists ask their patients to do is keep a life journal, or diary. It relieves stress and provides personal insight that leads to a better quality of life. Writing Makes You Emotionally Stronger Right, so as you may have already guessed this all adds to a bit more mental stability. For many fiction writers, it’s safe to explore insanity on the page, and it is in most cases. For non-fiction, the ability to be solidified in their knowledge is assuring, and inspires more confidence. Writing makes you stronger the way lyrics empower a song; the way verse molds a poem; and the way notes can embolden a speech. As writers gain experience, the tools they have at their disposal become more versatile. They’re able to express things is deeper, fulfilling and more interesting ways. In school, all of the emotionality we envelope into our studies and performance is optimized through the act of writing. From research and term papers, to our essays and test answers. The truth, nearly everyone writes in one form or another these days. As the virtual realm continues to explode, writing itself is taking on many new forms that serve many unprecedented purposes. Writing makes the human world go around, both on and offline. Whatever you can imagine it, write it, and begin it. Put words into the white!

Learn About the Carbon Cycle

The Balfour Declaration Influence on Formation of Israel

Few documents in Middle Eastern history have had as consequential and controversial an influence as the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which has been at the center of the Arab-Israeli conflict over the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The Balfour Declaration   The Balfour Declaration was a 67-word statement contained within a brief letter attributed to Lord Arthur Balfour, the British foreign secretary, dated November 2, 1917.  Balfour addressed the letter to Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a British banker, zoologist and Zionist activist who, along with Zionists Chaim Weizmann and Nahum Sokolow, helped draft the declaration much as lobbyists today draft bills for legislators to submit. The declaration was in line with European Zionist leaders hopes and designs for a homeland in Palestine, which they believed would bring about intense immigration of Jews around the world to Palestine. The statement read as follows: His Majestys Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. It was 31 years after this letter, whether willed by the British government or not, that the state of Israel was founded in 1948. Liberal Britain’s Sympathy for Zionism Balfour was part of the liberal government of Prime Minister David Lloyd George. British liberal public opinion believed that Jews had suffered historical injustices, that the West was to blame and the West had a responsibility to enable a Jewish homeland. The push for a Jewish homeland was aided, in Britain and elsewhere, by fundamentalist Christians who encouraged the emigration of Jews as one way to accomplish two goals: depopulate Europe of Jews and fulfill Biblical prophecy. Fundamentalist Christians believe that the return of Christ must be preceded by a Jewish kingdom in the Holy Land). The Declaration’s Controversies The declaration was controversial from the start, and chiefly due to its own imprecise and contradictory wording. The imprecision and contradictions were deliberate—an indication that Lloyd George did not want to be on the hook for the fate of Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The Declaration did not refer to Palestine as the site of the Jewish homeland, but that of a Jewish homeland. That left Britains commitment to an independent Jewish nation very much open to question. That opening was exploited by subsequent interpreters of the declaration, who claimed that it was never intended as an endorsement of a uniquely Jewish state. Rather, that Jews would establish a homeland in Palestine alongside Palestinians and other Arabs established there for almost two millennia. The second part of the declaration—that â€Å"nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities†Ã¢â‚¬â€could be and has been read by Arabs as an endorsement of Arab autonomy and rights, an endorsement as valid as that proffered on behalf of Jews. Britain would, in fact, exercise its League of Nations mandate over Palestine to protect Arab rights, at times at the expense of Jewish rights. Britain’s role has never ceased to be fundamentally contradictory. Demographics in Palestine Before and After Balfour At the time of the declaration in 1917, Palestinians—which were the â€Å"non-Jewish communities in Palestine†Ã¢â‚¬â€constituted 90 percent of the population there. Jews numbered about 50,000. By 1947, on the eve of Israel’s declaration of independence, Jews numbered 600,000. By then Jews were developing extensive quasi-governmental institutions while provoking increasing resistance from Palestinians. Palestinians staged small uprisings in 1920, 1921, 1929 and 1933, and a major uprising, called the Palestine Arab Revolt, from 1936 to 1939. They were all quashed by a combination of British and, beginning in the 1930s, Jewish forces.

Women s Suffrage The Long Resisted Struggle Of Equal...

Nationalizing Women’s Suffrage: The long resisted struggle of equal right voting â€Å"Remember the ladies†, wrote boldly by the soon to be First Lady Abigail Adams to her husband John Adams in March 1776. Abigail Adams’s words were one of the first noted mentions in the United States foreshadowing the beginning of a long suppressed battle towards women’s suffrage. The fight for women suffrage was a movement in which women, and some men included, pleaded for equal rights regarding voting and women’s voice within the political realm. Women’s suffrage was not a matter of instant success; it endured a prolonged time to achieve. It was not until August 1920, about 14 decades later after Abigail Adam’s words, that the 19th amendment which had provided everyone the right to vote regardless of a person’s â€Å"sex†, had passed. Although the 19th amendment nationalized equal voting rights in the country in 1920, many states ratified this amendment in even later years. The lengthy period and long complex battles to wards victory were the result of many obstacles between suffragists and anti-suffragists; obstacles which hindered the movement’s progress and which are not limited to: traditionally accustomed values, religion, split arguments within the movement, and other national political setbacks. If these setbacks were handled differently in a more urgent manner, women suffrage might have achieved earlier than 1920 or in a shorter amount of gruesome activism period. First and foremost, inShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech- Womens Rights Essay1776 Words   |  8 Pagesdid Womens Rights Movement come about? Women were not allowed to vote. They usually could not get higher education. Often, they could not get jobs, and when they did, they get paid less than men for for the same work. They could not own property, in many countries, including England. In some places, if they had money and got married, the money became the property of their husbands. The Womens Rights Movement started because they were sick of the unfairness. Womens rights are the rights and elementsRead MoreWomen Before and After the Pahlavi Period in Iran5501 Words   |  23 PagesWomen Before and After the Pahlavi Period In Iran Hashem Alshakhas December 11 2013 Table of Contents Section Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Rise of Reza and Muhammad Shah†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 The first Pahlavi period- Reza Shah†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Modernization, unveiling and clash with the citizens†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 TheRead MoreIroquois Confederacy9092 Words   |  37 Pagesor people of the longhouse, referring to the construction of their homes, in which extended families of up to 50 people lived together in bark-covered, wooden-framed houses that were 50 to 150 feet long. They also envisioned their extended community as occupying a symbolic longhouse some 300 miles long, with the Mohawk guarding the eastern door and the Seneca the western. The origin of the name Iroquois is uncertain, although it seems to have involved French adaptations of Indian words. Among theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by MichaelRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesThe Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system

The Modern Mens Movement Essay Example For Students

The Modern Mens Movement Essay The 1970s saw the intensification of the feminist movement as a social,moral, and political force in the American arena. They focused their attentionon the systematic oppression of women in politics and business. They wereattacking male chauvinism, dominance, and a social system that relegated femalesto household duties. By most standards, the feminist movement has beensuccessful in nearly all of its endeavors. The result, however, has left theAmerican male uncertain of his own role in not only the dating arena, but thebusiness, marriage, and society in general. All the things that once made a mandesirable now make him the enemy of the advancement of women. The result hasbeen a reactionary Male movement. Though not as prominent in the media orpolitics the feminine counterpart, it has garnered a rather loyal followingthrough the 1980s and 1990s. It focuses not on mens rights, but functionsmore as a male bonding experience that educates and enlightens men about theirnew roles. Created in the mid 1980s, the Mythopoetic mens movement emanatesfrom the works of Robert Bly. His view is that the mens role has lost direction. The mens gatherings are to reconstruct a valid male initiation and role model. (Schocke)This male movement has been cautiously encouraged by womens groups. Most realize the new pressures being exerted on men by the changes in societyand recognize a male movement as a means to finding the new balance. I believethat we, I.e. men and women, need a mens movement in the sense of men thathave come to understand the evils of patriarchy These are men who areprepared to work in harmony with women to create a new society liberated frompatriarchy. (Hagan, 14) Women want and need the mens movement as bad or worsethen men do. The entire point of the feminist movement is to change men. Thoughnot overtly stated as such, the promotion of women must occur in mens thoughtsto happen in a society initially run by men. They must encourage men to not onlybond with each other, but to reconstruct their mindset in a way more appropriateto the new social structure. That is exactly the point of the mens movement. It is important hereto distinguish between different factions of the mens movement. There are morethan a few, but most fall into one of two categories. The smaller, lessimportant group deals with their frustration in a non-directed physical bondingmanner. They have gone so far as to assume initiation and celebration ritualssimilar to those of Native American culture. The larger group, includingfeminists and male liberationists, believe in feminization of the male character. Masculinity distorts an individuals nature. It puts him out of touch with hisemotions. Men do not cry. They do not touch each other. They do not form realfriendships. They are too silent. They are aggressive, achievement oriented,competitive bullies. (Stearns, 179) Stearns goes on to assert that by assumingmore feminine emotional and social traits that allow more healthy relationships. The problems with male-hood have not arisen as a result of menscomplacency, but the sudden rapid change in the status of women. Men may beless responsible for female dissatisfaction than womens inability to find thefamily an adequate substitute for traditional child bearing. (Stearn, 163)Suddenly, in the last decade, the role of the man has become uncertain. In the1950s and 60s, men were the breadwinners. A man brought to the marriage thecapability of support. The woman brought to the marriage the home and children. .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .postImageUrl , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:hover , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:visited , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:active { border:0!important; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:active , .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97 .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0994f916df016ac6d8f185c70cef6f97:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Attention Keepers in The Most Dangerous Game EssayNow, the women also bring in the money and the man has become an optional partof the family. Women can now become successful on their own and children becomea burden. The man ends up wanting the family more than the woman, and must giveup power to have it. When man loses his worth to the relationship, he loses thepower and his traditional role also. This shift in power also allows women more room to criticize qualitiesthat have previously gone unnoticed. To old complaints about male brutality orinsufficient attention were added new ones More recently women have becomefreer to criticize male lack of emotional sharing and sexual incompatibility.(Stearn, 163) Most feminists recognize that the male movement is a response totheir changing wants and needs. Most men, likewise, recognize that a change intheir own behavior is needed to promote the social well-being of both sexes. The television media today is but a single example of many institutionsstriving to embrace the goals of the mens movement. One television show comesto mind immediately. Home Improvement, and Tim (the toolman) Taylor personifythe male striving to embrace the new order. Every episode features a man tryingshed his male, grunting, belching, insensitive past. No watcher of 1990ssitcoms is unfamiliar with the patented Tim Allen grunt. His goal in life seemsto be to keep his wife and kids happy without giving up his tools. That is whatthe mens movement seems to be about, letting men be happy, keep their family,and their toys, tools, or whatever it is they cherish. There are several questions that need to be asked when the idea ofchanging either of the sexes arises, however. Why are we trying to change thetraits that have evolved in man over the last thousand years? Further, thereare certain traits in the male psyche that are genetically based. Are westriving to change those traits or suppressing them? We cannot change thegenetic code that makes a man. The expression of those traits can not bealtered, just hidden. Todays society strives to hide or change personal features to fitself perception as well as a wanted public image. People change hair color,eye color, and now, even physical sexual characteristics to fit the way theywant society to see them. Is the new mens movement just a reflection of thistrend? Men have been bashed through the 1970s and 1980s. As a result, menstarted wanting to change their public image, lest they become referred to asNeanderthals. The resultant movement may be seeking to give the male species afacelift. Category: Social Issues

Costa Rica, a Rainforest Preserved

Table of Contents Introduction The Rainforests Preservation of the Rainforests Threats to the Rainforests Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Costa Rica (a country in South American) is located between Nicaragua and Panama. With a total land size of 19,653 sq miles, Cost Rica boarders Caribbean Sea and North Pacific Ocean.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Costa Rica, a Rainforest Preserved specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The greatest distance connecting its principal point is 200 miles. This paper discusses Costa Rica with respect to preserved Rainforests and other related geographical phenomena. The country is not highly populated and has a total population of only 3.5 million people. It has five major geographical areas namely the Pacific, Caribbean, North Central Plains, Central Valley, and the Northwest Peninsula. It has seven provinces namely â€Å"Alajuela, Heredia, San Jose, Limon, Guanacaste , Cartago, and Puntarenas† (Infocostarica 1). Different regions of Costa Rica exhibit different geographical and climatic conditions. The regions have features such as volcanoes and mountains, rivers, forests, and valleys. The rainy season is one of the features of Costa Rica. This has increased the number of rivers and rainforests tremendously. Some of the major rivers in Costa Rica include San Juan, Tempisque, Sixaola, and Pacuare. There are numerous mountain ranges stretching across the country. A major mountain ridge is the Costa Rican ridge that includes Cordillera of Guanacaste, Cordillera Central, Cordillera of Tilaran, and Cordillera of Talamanca. The volcanic ranges in Costa Rica include the Guanacaste Range, the Central Volcanic Range and the Talamanca Range. The Rainforests Costa Rica is featured with various rainforests (a habitat of about 10000 species of trees and plants). More than a quarter of this Central American country is used as biological reserve and for wildlife refuge. It is also among the most bio-diverse countries in the world (Govisitcostarica 1). The forests in Costa Rica can be classified as rainforest, cloud forest, and topical dry forest. However, the rainforests are the most common in Costa Rica. They are mainly located in the south western parts of the country. Moreover, they exist in the Atlantic lowlands and characteristically featured by tall trees as well as drooping vines. The trees in the forests are tall and some reach up to 70 meters. The forests are habitat to many animals and many species of plants. Some of the rainforests include Arenal Volcano National Park, Barbilla National Park, Carara National Park and Braulio Carrillo National Park. The cloud forests are mainly located on the slopes of volcanoes and mountains. The tropical forests, on the other hand, are mainly in the North Pacific coast of the country.Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first p aper with 15% OFF Learn More The rainforests of Costa Rica are characterized by high levels of biodiversity. Rainforests possess nearly 12000 species of vegetation as well as 1240 different kinds of butterflies. Species of birds in Costa Rica nears 838 while reptiles constitute 440. This is a critical ecological provision when observed decisively. In addition, there are 232 species of mammals (rainforests.mongabay 1). There are five different layers in the rainforests and these are the emergent, the canopy, the under storey, shrub and ground. Each of these layers has particular plants and animals that are adapted to the conditions in them. The rainforests are also characterized with many rivers and many waterfalls. Geographically, this is a critical provision in the context of biodiversity and environmental viability. It is important to protect the rainforests as advocated by the government. Rainforests receive approximately 2000 to 6000 mm of rain per year and are in the a ltitude of between 0-1000m above sea level. The highest temperature in the forests is usually 330C while the lowest is usually 22 degree centigrade (costarica21 1). The tropical rainforests have a variety of plants and trees. Some of the animals in the rainforests include the green basilisk, the green iguana, the two toed and the three toed sloth and the poison dart frog among many others. There are also different types of birds in the rainforests and these usually attract a lot of bird watchers. Preservation of the Rainforests Costa Rica has established and enacted critical conservation plans mandated to protect the mentioned rainforests considerably. The plan aims at protecting more than ten percent of the country so as to have large forest coverage. The implementation of the plan has began and one strip of forest covers over 40 miles without any interruption. The forest strip covers 9 ecological locations in Costa Rica. It extends to areas 12500M altitude. In 1995, the state init iated a credible program mandated to guard 18% of the Costa Rica’s rainforests. The 18 percent land coverage was to be converted into national parks. In addition to this, another 13 percent of the country was to be given to individuals so that they make private reserves. The state besieged regions with enormous biodiversity for protection. Land owners were issued with certificates of forest protection by the government. These certificates paid the land owners an average of $50 annually for every hectare of forest cover that they protected. This is the method through which the government funded the project. To this end, around two third of the country’s rainforests are under protection. The country has also initiated a number of programs to promote growth that can be sustained.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Costa Rica, a Rainforest Preserved specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Forest Pro ject of the Foundation for the Development of Central Volcanic Mountain Range is one of the projects that that aim at promoting sustainable development. This project manages around 13000 hectares through the development of plans that land owners can use to manage forests (climatepath 1). Threats to the Rainforests Costa Rica earns remarkable revenue from ecotourism. The amount that tourism earns the country in terms of foreign exchange is higher than the amounts earned through the sale of timber. Rainforests have a lot of bio-diversity and this attracts tourists. This is a critical provision when considered decisively in the realms of economic growth and other viable developmental provisions. The parks that the country has are accessible and the safety standards are high. However, the number of tourists at the parks is at times restricted so as to avoid damage to the forests. The encroachment of the forests by hoteliers has also led to a lot of controversy in the country. Despite th e efforts exerted by Costa Rica to protect rainforests, the country has faced numerous challenges due to deforestation. Costa Rica once had a 99 percent forest cover. This environmental viability has reduced gradually. The present situation nears only 35 percent of forest cover. The main reasons for deforestation in this country is harvesting for timber and conversion of land for agricultural purposes. Loss of biodiversity and the effects on the climate are the two most severe consequences that destruction of the rainforests has on Costa Rica (Coztarica 1). The threats that rainforests of Costa Rica face also include high population growth, forest sustainability challenges, and human interferences. Areas with rapid population growth in Costa Rica are in the tropics. In these areas, people clear land for sustenance farming. Clearing of land, however, continue since rainforest soil loose nutrients quickly after a few years of farming. The other threat to the rainforests in this countr y is the global and regional climatic change. Global climatic changes have made the tropics warmer and have had the effect of changing the rainfall patterns and thus affect rainforests adversely (costarica21 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Costa Rica is a country rich in bio-diversity. The country has numerous geographical features with five major geographical regions and seven provinces. These regions have different climatic conditions. The country receives a lot of rains and has many rainforests. The abundant rain has made the country to have many rivers. The rainforests in the country act as homes to many animals and plants. They have five different layers. Each layer only harbors plants and animals adapted to it. this is a critical provision when scrutinized critically. The trees in the forests are usually tall and can reach up to 70 meters. The government of Costa Rica has put in place forest conservation plans and has involved citizens in the preservation of the rainforests. The goal is to ensure that there is a large forest cover in the country. There are also projects that develop management plans to assist in the management of protected forests. The forests have earned the country revenue through t ourism even though there are many challenges. The major challenges are deforestation, clearing of forest for farming, population growth, and global climatic changes that threaten the rainforests of Costa Rica. Works Cited Climatepath. Costa Rican Rainforests. 2012. Web. Costarica21. Costa Rica Tropical Rainforest. 2012. Web. Coztarica. Tropical rainforest – a Costa Rican treasure. 2012. Web. Govisitcostarica. Costa Rica Rainforests. 2012. Web. Infocostarica. Geography: Overview, by Infocostarica Staff. 2012. Web. Rainforests.mongabay. COSTA RICA. 2012. Web. This research paper on Costa Rica, a Rainforest Preserved was written and submitted by user Marissa Parsons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Pascal, Blaise

Pascal, Blaise, 1623-62, French scientist and religious philosopher. Studying under the path of his father, a civil servant, Pascal showed great intelligencies, especially in mathematics and science. Before he was 16 he wrote a paper on conic sections, which won the respect of the mathematicians of Paris; at 19 he invented a calculating machine. Credited with founding the modern theory of probability, Pascal also discovered the properties of the cycloid and contributed to the advance of differential calculus. In physics his experiments increased knowledge of atmospheric pressure through barometric measurements and of the equilibrium of fluids. As a young man, Pascal came under the influence of Jansenism, and in 1651 his sister Jacqueline, who had also embraced Jansenist beliefs, entered the convent at Port-Royal, the center of the movement. As a result of the death of his father and of his own narrow escape from death, Pascal in 1654 experienced what he called a conversion and therea fter turned much of his attention to religion. When Antoine Arnauld, a noted Jansenist, was attacked by the Jesuits, Pascal championed him in his Lettre escrite un provincial (1656). Those Provincial Letters, rendered into Latin, quickly circulated throughout Europe, and they still hold a leading place in the literature of polite irony. Pascal's religious writings were after the death of his father and published as Pensees de M. Pascal sur la religion et sur quelques autres sujets (1670). For a modern edition Thoughts: An Apology for Christianity (1955). In the Pensees, famous both as a religious and philosophical classic, Pascal states his belief in the inadequacy of reason to solve man's difficulties or to satisfy his hopes. He preached instead the final necessity of mystic faith for true understanding of the universe and its meaning to man.... Free Essays on Pascal, Blaise Free Essays on Pascal, Blaise Pascal, Blaise, 1623-62, French scientist and religious philosopher. Studying under the path of his father, a civil servant, Pascal showed great intelligencies, especially in mathematics and science. Before he was 16 he wrote a paper on conic sections, which won the respect of the mathematicians of Paris; at 19 he invented a calculating machine. Credited with founding the modern theory of probability, Pascal also discovered the properties of the cycloid and contributed to the advance of differential calculus. In physics his experiments increased knowledge of atmospheric pressure through barometric measurements and of the equilibrium of fluids. As a young man, Pascal came under the influence of Jansenism, and in 1651 his sister Jacqueline, who had also embraced Jansenist beliefs, entered the convent at Port-Royal, the center of the movement. As a result of the death of his father and of his own narrow escape from death, Pascal in 1654 experienced what he called a conversion and therea fter turned much of his attention to religion. When Antoine Arnauld, a noted Jansenist, was attacked by the Jesuits, Pascal championed him in his Lettre escrite un provincial (1656). Those Provincial Letters, rendered into Latin, quickly circulated throughout Europe, and they still hold a leading place in the literature of polite irony. Pascal's religious writings were after the death of his father and published as Pensees de M. Pascal sur la religion et sur quelques autres sujets (1670). For a modern edition Thoughts: An Apology for Christianity (1955). In the Pensees, famous both as a religious and philosophical classic, Pascal states his belief in the inadequacy of reason to solve man's difficulties or to satisfy his hopes. He preached instead the final necessity of mystic faith for true understanding of the universe and its meaning to man....

Ethical Issues of Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethical Issues of Information Technology - Essay Example Computers are special technology that raises special ethical issues (Moor, 1991) and that such issues and problems are unique to the field. They would not have been issues had it not been for the technology itself (Maner, 1996). Ethical issues of information technology are called many names like computer ethics, information ethics, and cyberethics. In the whole of information systems management, whatever its name, the new technology radically reshapes life styles, at the same time creates challenges in the areas of privacy, property, security and individual identity (Information systems, 2007). The following discussion covers issues in consumer or online privacy, copyright, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, legal jurisdiction, and online contracting that manifest in the field of information technology. The details come in the form of definitions and philosophical reflections or historical events elucidating the issue. The paper then ends with a note on probabilities for the future. Computer and information technology may be used interchangeably throughout the paper and may mean the same. The Ethical Issues Online Privacy. The cheap, fast, painless encryption technology provided by the computer has transformed the privacy debate completely. While before, people worried about the wearing away of privacy, the concern now is about the computer-generated privacy "afforded to every criminal with a computer and half a brain." (Maner, 1996). Electronic mail has replaced telephone and inter-office mail communications as the principal medium of business communications and this has made work easier. Throughout it all, however, suddenly, one's email address has become known to merchandisers and one begins receiving a lot of unsolicited email daily about products being advertised. Identity theft generally involves obtaining data from individual consumers' financial transactions on the Internet or elsewhere, and either billing the consumers' credit cards for nonexistent transactions or services, or using consumers' personal data to conduct actual transactions that are billed to the consumers(Internet Fraud, 2000). Identity theft is an Internet fraud. There is a need for email privacy in the workplace and the blocking of bulk E-mail solicitations called "SPAM." How had the address been known to others The sale of personal information, or its use by a successor, according to Zaharoff (2001) may constitute "unfair or deceptive" act even if it is not a breach of contract. The Computer-Processed Personal Data Protection Act was passed in 1995, governing official agency as well as non-official agency (Yang & Chang, 2007). At present, however, the only eight categories of non-official agency governed by it are credit information, hospital, school, telecommunications, financing and banking, securities, insurance and mass communications (Yang & Chang, 2007). This means these agencies having to do with these concerns must apply

Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership - Coursework Example What I would want from my leader is his understanding. I believe that my manager should try to understand me whenever I give my opinion. They should listen to what everyone in the group they are leading since everyone needs to be given a chance to talk. My leader should not just see me just as a physical being, but should realize that I have my needs. Whenever one performs well should be motivated by being given rewards. It means that my leader will be appreciative of the work done by his group. My manager needs to be open-minded, consistent, whereby he or she is reliable and responsive, friendly, encouraging and just (Hogan & Kaisern 172). Not all managers can be transformational leaders because transformation theory tends to focus on the kind of relationship exists between the leader and his followers. Therefore, meaning that the leadership will include the use of charisma and interpersonal skills to assist the workers in achieving their objectives (Hogan & Kaisern 175). If a manager needs to be a transformational leader, he or she needs to possess transformational leadership qualities that will help them to make their followers and those around them feel that they are necessary. That is, valuing them, satisfying their needs and assessing associates’ motives. In relation to transformational leadership theory, women are argued to have more leadership potential as opposed to men. According to the theory, women tend to lead their followers more effectively than that of men (Northouse 17). It is because transformational leadership being that it needs leaders who are inspirational, empowering, concerned of their followers, positive role models and are capable of pushing their members in becoming creative. Research has depicted that women leaders have high transformational qualities and attributes than men (Yulk 28). In my opinion, I believe that

Superman and Me Essay Example for Free

Superman and Me Essay Hopes can change a person’s ability to make choice. Society determines the role that every individual must adapt to according to age, gender, race and so on. In Sherman Alexie’s article, Superman and Me, he expressed his unsatisfied to discrimination of the society by showing his passion of obtaining knowledge from books. The author wanted the audience to understand his view of equality by telling his life story. He’s a Indian who grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation in eastern Washington State to a middle-class family that consisted of a mother, father, older brother and three sisters. He organizes his essay in a chronological structure. His father was trying to make the family live better. He love his father and he love books. Alexie’s argument against the discriminative eyes of the population begins to become stronger to detect in the middle of his piece of writing. By reading the different kind of books, he learnt to think deeply and which made him smart and wise. He could totally understand what was happening around him which race and ethnicity can change views and victimize by labeling. He supposed to fail but he refused to. He recognizes that reading is non-discriminative. Everything contains words that can form ideas, sentences, opinions, and etc. It was a relief from understanding that words can be a source of pleasure and an escape from hatred. He determines that the love of literature had a purpose on his life, to try to save his life. He paints a picture of himself speaking to kids who remind him of the struggle to be Indian in the non-Indian environment. He points out the different peers of that class that strive for distinction or fade into the shadows that culture created for them. Finally, my conclusion to reading this piece of work is that now I will treat diversity in a new way. I will no longer judge due to differences. Yet, I still wonder, why did he reveal the fact that his father went to a Catholic school on purpose but not explain the purpose itself?

Celies Pain in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay -- Color Purple Essa

Celie's Pain in The Color Purple Molestation is a topic that is painful to think about, and even more difficult to write about. Yet Alice Walker chose this as the central theme of her novel The Color Purple. Walker's work centers around a poor African American girl Celie. Celie keeps a diary, and the first section of the novel is an excerpt from her diary. After reading the excerpt, the reader comes to realize that Celie is a fourteen-year-old girl who has been molested by her father. Through this, she has lost her innocence as well as her self-worth, evident when the reader sees that the diary's words have been altered to say "I have always been a good girl" as opposed to "I am a good girl." From the moment her father molested her, Celie ceased to see herself as a good person. The events following the molestation only serve to lower Celie's confidence and hurt her relationship with her father. Her sister Nettie attempts to protect her, Nettie being the closest thing to a best friend that Celie has at this point. Nettie is the only person in Celie's life who cares enough about her to stand up to their father. "The first time I got big Pa took me out of school. He never care that I love it. He say 'You too dumb to keep going to school'. But Pa, Nettie say, crying, Celie smart too. Even Miss Beasley say so." Nettie gets Miss Beasley to go to the house to convince 'Pa' "She see how tight my dress is, she stop talking and go" The way Celie writes in her Diary reflects her lack of education and class status. She writes in the most basic and colloquial language that she would use when speaking. She spells many words incorrectly such as "git" and "Naw". She also uses her words in the wrong tense saying " I say" instea... ...Purple." PMLA 106 (1991): 1106-15. Berlant, Lauren. "Race, Gender, and Nation in The Color Purple." Critical Inquiry 14 (1988): 831-59. Bobo, Jacqueline. "Sifting through the Controversy: Reading The Color Purple." Callaloo 12 (1989): 332-42. Butler-Evans, Elliott. Race, Gender, and Desire: Narrative Strategies in the Fiction of Toni Cade Bambara, Toni Morrison, and Alice Walker. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1989. Froula, Christine, "The Daughter's Seduction: Sexual Violence and Feminist Theory." Signs 2 (1986): 621-44. Hooks, bell. "Writing the Subject: Reading The Color Purple." Reading Black, Reading Feminist. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Meridian, 1990. 454-70. Shelton, Frank W. "Alienation and Integration in Alice Walker's The Color Purple." CLA Journal 28 (1985): 382-92. Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. New York: Harcourt, 1982.

Referencing Harvard

It is important to show your reader that you have sought out expert, reliable sources to help support and develop your thinking, and this is done through referencing. The preferring in your assignment: demonstrates good research conduct shows the range of ideas and approaches you have found and thought about acknowledges the sources of those ideas tells your reader where they can locate those sources. Referencing also helps you to avoid plagiarism. If you present someone else's ideas as if they are your own work, or use the exact same language they use without acknowledgment, you are committing plagiarism.Plagiarism can be unintentional due to poor referencing, but the consequences are always serious. Accurate referencing helps you to avoid this. For more information on avoiding plagiarism, visit http://resource. Unions. Du. AU/course/view. PH? Id=1 572 Every time you include words, ideas or information from a source – whether it's a website, book or Journal article – i n your assignment, you must include an in-text reference to show that this content has been gathered from somewhere else.In-text references must be included whenever you: 0 0 0 0 paraphrase someone else's ideas in your own words summaries someone else's ideas in your own words quote someone else's ideas in their exact words copy or adapt a diagram, table or any other visual material. For each source that you reference in-text, you must also create an entry in the preference list at the end of the assignment. 2 How do we reference? There are two components to a Harvard reference: 1) an in-text reference in the body of your assignment Cabochon (2008) explores a range of themes and ideas†¦ ) full reference details in your reference list Cabochon, M 2008, Maps and legends, Immenseness Books, San Francisco. 1) In-text references An in-text reference is provided each time you refer to ideas or information from another source, and includes the following details: 0 0 the author's famil y name (do not include given names) [authoring body or organization the year of publication page numbers where applicable. There are two main ways to present an in-text reference, as shown below.One way gives prominence to the information by placing the reference at the end of your sentence in brackets: Universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change (Folio 2010, p. 2). Another way gives prominence to the author by placing the reference in the body of your sentence, with the author's name incorporated into the sentence structure and the date in brackets: Folio (2010, p. 2) argues that universities can play an active role in finding solutions for climate change.Including page numbers Page numbers are included when you: pacific page or pages refer to tables, figures, images or present specific information like dates/statistics. Habeas (2007, p. 48) notes that the novelist ‘draws on an established tradition of appropriating the waning for various soci al and political purposes'. If you do these things for a source without pages – e. G. A website – then Just author and year will suffice. 2) The reference list The reference list provides full bibliographic details for all the sources referred to in your assignment so that readers can easily locate them. Each different source referenced in your essay must have a matching entry in your reference list. It is important to note that the reference list is not a bibliography. A bibliography lists everything you may have read, while a reference list is deliberately limited to those sources for which you have provided in-text references. A bibliography is not needed unless specifically requested by your lecturer.The reference list is titled References and is: 0 arranged alphabetically by author's family name (or title/sponsoring organization where a source has no author) a single list where books, Journal articles and electronic sources are listed together (see sample referenc e list on p. 6 of this guide). The main elements required for all references are the author, year, title and publication information. Single line spacing required Judd, D, Assistant, K & David, GM 2010, A history of American nursing: trends and eras, Jones and Bartlett, London.Candler, PM, Patton, JAG, Coleman, RE, Egotistical, A, Hackers, FIG & Hoofer, BP 1999, Diagnostic nuclear medicine, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. Whitewater, R 2009, ‘How can nursing intervention research reduce the research-practice gap? , Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, Volvo. 41, no. 4, up. 7- 15. Leave space between each entry No indentation required in second or subsequent lines of an entry An extract from an essay using the Harvard referencing system Essay extract The literal adaptation of a book to film is practically impossible.As Steam (AAA, p. 4) suggests: The shift from a single-track verbal medium such as the novel to a multi- track medium like film, which can play not only with words (written and spoken) but also with music, sound effects, and moving bibliographic images, explains the unlikelihood and undesirability of literal fidelity. Comments Always provide author, year and page number(s) when quoting. Quotes longer than thirty words are indented both sides, and are one font size smaller. Ellipsis (†¦ Shows one or more words have been omitted.It is puzzling, then, that readers and audiences are so critical of adaptations which take liberties, sometimes for the better, with their source material. Film adaptations of novels are frequently ‘castigated and held to an absurdly rigorous standard of fidelity (Steam Bibb, p. 15). If key scenes from a novel are pruned for film, audiences often react negatively. However, fidelity is not an appropriate measure for evaluating a film adaptation's success, as numerous scholars concur (Despond ; Hawkers 2006; Letch 2008; McFarland 1996; Miller ; Steam 2004). Judging film adaptations is ultimately, Whelan (1999, p . ) contends, ‘an inexact science dogged by value judgments about the relative artistic worth of literature and film'. A fan of a novel might denigrate a film adaptation which alters the original book in some fashion, but their response is highly subjective and fails to take into account the practices and realities of film production (McFarland 2007, p. 26). Sometimes there are grounds for hostility. Author Alan Moore has witnessed a number of his complex graphic novels adapted into shallow Hollywood products, making him extremely critical of filmmakers and the filmmaker process (Assures 2009).However, this kind of attitude can be knee-Jerk and reactionary. Rather than being overly pedantic about textual faithfulness, it is best to approach film adaptations as re-interpretations of their source material (Hutchison 2006, p. 8) or as ‘a permutation of text, an intellectuality (Scariest, cited in Sanders 2006, p. 2). Moreover, new modes of production further complicate exis ting definitions of, and approaches to, adaptation (Moore, MR. 2010, p. 180). So The letters ‘a' and ‘b' have been added to the years here and above to distinguish between different sources by the same author (Steam) published in the same year.Several sources cited at once. Quotes shorter than thirty words are enclosed in single quotation marks. Always provide author, year and page number(s) when paraphrasing a printed source. Internet documents require the same information for the in-text reference (author and year). No page number for electronic sources unless available. Quote from Scariest found in Sanders' work. If authors have similar surnames, include first initials in reference to avoid confusion. 5 References Assures, S 2009, Why Alan Moore hates comic-book movies', Total Film, 2 February, viewed 5 December 2010, .Despond,J & Hawkers, P 2006, Adaptation: studying film and literature, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Hutchison, L 2006, A theory of adaptation, Rutledge, New Yo rk. Letch, T 2008, ‘Adaptation studies at a crossroads', Adaptation, Volvo. 1, no. 1, up. 63-77. McFarland, B 1996, Novel to film: an introduction to the theory of adaptation, Oxford University Press, New York. ? 2007, ‘Reading film and literature', in D Cartel & I Whelan (des), The Cambridge companion to literature on screen, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, up. 15-28. Miller, T & Steam, R (des) 2004, A companion to film theory, Blackwell Publishing, viewed 30 October 012, .Moore, MR. 2010, ‘Adaptation and new media', Adaptation, Volvo. 3, no. 2, up. 179- 92. Sanders, J 2006, Adaptation and appropriation, Rutledge, New York. Steam, R AAA, ‘Introduction: the theory and practice of adaptation', in R Steam & A Orange (des), Literature and film: a guide to the theory and practice of film adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, up. 1-52. ? Bibb, Literature through film: realism, magic, and the art of adaptation, Blackwell Publishing, Malden. Whelan, 1 199 9, ‘Adaptations: the contemporary dilemmas', in D Cartel & I Whelan (des), Adaptations: from text to screen, screen to text, Rutledge, London, up. -19. Online newspaper or magazine article Book with two authors Book Journal article Two works by same author, listed chronologically Dash used when more than one work by same author listed Chapter in an edited book Ebook. Two editors Journal article Book from which Serviette's quote taken Two works by same author in same year, listed a and b based on alphabetical order of title of the work Dash used Please note: this extract is from an assignment written in the Humanities. Please refer to published work in your area of study for examples of referencing conventions pacific to your discipline. What if your source does not exactly match any of these examples? This guide of source you need to reference in the pages that follow, and construct your reference in that format using the example(s) provided to guide you. While this guide prov ides a wide range of examples, it is not possible to provide a model for every type of source you might use in your assignments. If you cannot find an exact match for the type of source you need to reference, find examples for similar sources and combine the elements to create the reference you need.For instance, the reference low is for a chapter in an edited document which was found online in PDF form. It has been created through combining aspects of the following types of references: a chapter in an edited book an online document in PDF form. Author/authoring body Year of publication Title of the chapter Editors Title of online document Drunkard, P 2012, ‘The integrated reporting Journey, in C Van deer Lust & D Milan (des), Making investment grade: the future of corporate reporting, United Nations Environment Programmer, Dolomite and the Centre for Corporate Governance in Africa, up. 25-28, viewed 4 December 2012, .Publisher Page numbers of the chapter Date the document was viewed Internet address (URL) If you cannot find comparable reference types, always identify the following components of the source, and arrange them in the order below: author, editor, or authoring body/organization year of publication title publication information. Harvard referencing Unions – Examples Print Includes any materials created for publication in paper form Basic format: Author's family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, Title of book, Author's family name, followed by a comma and initial(s) of any given names, or authoring body.Year of publication, followed by a comma. Title of book in italics, followed by a comma. Use upper case for the first letter in the title and lower case for the rest unless referring to names or places, I. E. Lawrence of Arabia. Gordon, M 2009, Manual of nursing diagnosis, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sturdy, Mass. Place of publication. If more than one place of publication is listed, give only the first listed. If there is another place with the same name, or if the place is little known, add the state or country (abbreviated), e. G. Texas, SLD, or Dully, SLD. Full stop at the end. Publisher, followed by a comma.Type of reference Book with 1 author (this can include a person or an authoring body, e. G. A sponsoring organization) In-text reference examples Cabochon (2008, p. 108) discusses. †¦ Was discussed in the study (Cabochon 2008, p. 108). †¦ A better world (Denied Green Consulting Services 2008, p. 5). Reference list examples Cabochon, M 2008, Maps and legends, Immenseness Books, San Francisco. Denied Green Consulting Services 2008, Capital idea: realizing value from environmental and social performance, Denied Green Consulting Services, North Carlton, Victoria. Further information Type of reference Book with 2 or 3 authorsIn-text reference examples Campbell, Fox and De Swart (2010, p. 46) argue†¦ †¦ Alternatives are preferable (Campbell, Fox & De Swart 2010, p. 46). Reference list e xamples Campbell, E, Fox, R & De Swart, M 2010, Students' guide to legal writing, law exams and self assessment, 3rd den, Federation Press, Sydney. As suggested by Hankie et al. (2006, p. 14)†¦ †¦ Has been suggested (Hankie et al. 2006, p. 14). Hankie, RE, Ova, D, Dillydally, GEL, Waltham, JAR, Shares, SMS, Wagner, RE ; Simmer, MS 2006, Nuclear medicine, 2nd den, Mossy Elsevier, Philadelphia. Book with no date or an approximate dateThis is emphasized by Seas (n. D. ) when†¦ This is emphasized by Seas (c. 2005) when†¦ Seas, R n. D. , Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. Seas, R c. 2005, Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington. 2nd or later edition of a book Borrowed and Thompson (2009, p. 33) explain†¦ †¦ Components of filmmaker (Borrowed ; Thompson 2009, p. 33). Scariest (1995) has achieved great currency since its translation. †¦ Is argued as the reason for this tension (Scariest 1995). Borro wed, D ; Thompson, K 2009, Film art: an introduction, 9th den, Mac-Gram Hill, New York.Translated book Scariest,J 1995, New maladies of the soul, trans. R Superman, Columbia University Press, New York. Further information When multiple authors' names are included within your sentence (not in brackets) use the full spelling of ‘and'. When the authors' names are in brackets or in the reference list, use ‘&. When there are 4 or more authors, only use the first author's name in-text followed by the abbreviation et al. But include all names in the reference list. If there is no date use n. D. If there is an approximate date use c. (this meaner ‘circa' – Latin for ‘around/about').The edition number comes erectly after the title in the reference list. Edition is not mentioned in-text. The translator's name is not referenced in-text – it only appears after the title in the reference list. 9 Edited book reference examples Morrison (De. 2010) questions wh ether†¦ It is not clear whether this point supports his previous assertions (De. Morrison 2010). Reference list examples Morrison, D (De. ) 2010, The Cambridge companion to Socrates, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Further information When the editor's name is included within your sentence (not in brackets) place De. In the brackets following their name.When the editor's name is in brackets, put De. Before their name. When editors' names are included within your sentence (not in brackets) use the full spelling of ‘and'. When their names are in brackets or in the reference list, use ‘&. Note the use of ‘des' (no full stop) for multiple editors. When there are 4 or more editors, only use the first editor's name in-text followed by the abbreviation et al. But include all names in the reference list. Edited (De. ), revised (rev. ) or compiled (come. ) book with 2 or 3 editors Greenberg, Pollard and Salubrious (des 2011) are interested in providing a ramekin for†¦. . Is included in this framework (des Greenberg, Pollard ; sailplanes 2011). Greenberg, F, Pollard, N ; Salubrious, D (des) 2011, Occupational therapies without borders: towards an ecology of occupation-based practices, Volvo. 2, Churchill Livingston Elsevier, Edinburgh. Edited book with 4 or more editors In their collection of essays, Barnett et al. (des 2006) explore†¦ †¦ Is explored throughout (des Barnett et al. 2006). Barnett, T, Beriberi, N, Harder, S, Hooking, R ; Outlook, G (des) 2006, London was full of rooms, Lathrup Press, Adelaide. 10 Chapter in an edited bookBasic format: Author's family name, Initial(s) OR Authoring body year, ‘Title of chapter', in Editor's Initial(s) plus family name (De. ), Title of book, Publisher, Place of publication, up. X-xx. Author's family name, followed by a comma and initial(s) of any given names, or authoring body. Year of publication, followed by a comma. Title of the chapter in single inverted commas, followed by a comma. Use upper case for the first letter of the title and lower case for the rest unless referring to names or places. Initial(s) and family name of the books editor, followed by (De. ) for one editor and (des) for multiple editors.

Elements of Good and Evil in The Crucible by Arthur Miller

The play, The Crucible, is a fireball of guilt, evil, and good compiled into one magnification. It is a play with tremendous feelings, with many inside twists hidden in the archives of the true story. It is a play with emotional feelings; feelings of anger, hate, and evil, yet also feelings of goodness, and pureness. Undeniably, The Crucible is a play illustrating good versus evil.nbsp; The principal characters, Abigail Williams, John Proctor, Ann Putnam and Marry Warren all contain within them elements of good and evil. nbsp;The play contained many scenarios of good versus evil, and the characters that generally possessed these feelings and intentions. But it must be understood that there were the intentions, the incentives, and†¦show more content†¦Of course the people she accuses are actually innocent, but she has the ability to manipulate people into believing that she is doing good. This again is evil. nbsp;The center of good can be labeled as John Proctor. He is considered the hero of the story, because he fits into the points that make up the hero of a story. Proctor is a heroic martyr at the end of the play, when he falsely admits that he was with Satan all a long. He then refuses to tell the judge and accuse anyone of being with Satan too like Abigail did. Therefore he may be considered a martyr, for dying for a cause of saving the lives of other innocent people. John Proctor also tries to defend his wife, and attempts to make the judge realize how Abigail is manipulating him. This is where the conflict arises between good and evil. It is survival of the fittest. Who will survive at the end, Abigail Williams or John Proctor? This is the main battle of the story. nbsp;John Proctor is not a saint in this story either. He does possess some fragments of evil in his soul. His intentions are to do good and that justice is served, but he wants this so badly, that he also turns to evil incentives to kill Abigail (subliminally for what she is doing). At the latter part of the play, he tries to use evil to counter evil by saying he was with the devil. His intentions are to do good, but that is really against the Puritan Code, and hence is considered evil. One more fault thatShow MoreRelatedCharacter Development in Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay739 Words   |  3 PagesCharacter Development in Arthur Millers The Crucible The Crucible deals with significant events in Salem and significant changes and developments in the characters that appear in the play. Every character in the play undergoes some kind of change whether it is for good or for evil. Arthur Miller considers good and evil in The Crucible he shows that all the characters think they are doing Gods work but are in fact encouraging the devil. Also many characters are Read MoreI am Innocent to a Witch. I Know Not What a Witch is.†: An Analysis of Arthur Miller’s Use of Diction, Syntax, and Metaphors in The Crucible.854 Words   |  3 Pages but naked now. Aye, naked! And the wind, God’s icy wind, will blow!† (205) This powerful quote is taken from The Crucible, a play written by Arthur Miller during the Red Scare of the 1950’s. Miller, accused in the McCarthy trials, wrote the play about the Salem Witch Trials in 1692 to criticize the way history was repeating itself and how hysteria was taking over the masses. Arthur Miller’s writing style adds to the retelling of the Witch Trials by his use of diction, syntax, and metaphors. TheseRead More Salem Witchcraft Trials vs. the Crucible Essay2031 Words   |  9 Pageswas spreading fast. Arthur Miller made a play called the Crucible that was about the Salem witchcraft trials. Arthur miller took the historical accounts and changed them to be suitable for the play. The crucible had many alterations to the historical documents that took place in1962 which were in the characters, the historical differences, and why the theme of history was changed. Author Miller took the story of the Salem witchcraft trials and wrote the play â€Å"The Crucible.† There were a lot ofRead MoreThe Cold War And The Cuban Missile Crisis2976 Words   |  12 PagesActivities Committee each year. In 1956, the House Un-American Activities Committee convicted one man (of many) for being ‘communist’. That man’s name was Arthur Miller: acclaimed playwright and author. It would be an understatement to say that Miller did not take the false accusation lightly in any manner whatsoever. 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Miller uses creative license to mold history into something literarily symbolic: the Witch Trials taught man no significance; the failure to learn from one s mistakes caused history to repeat itself, the people that initially suffered having gone through theirRead MoreThe Crucible : Hail Satan1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible: Hail Satan If you’re looking for a fun, sexy and feel-good romp set in Puritan Salem 1692, then look no more, because Puritanism isn’t overtly â€Å"fun,† per se, and neither was Salem, during that time. The cruel teachings of the Lord put peoples lives in a tight hold of behavior where even their sphincters cast sin upon the world. The Crucible, while historically altered slightly, offers a comprehensive emotional perspective on the interpersonal dynamics of a town caught in some sortRead MoreEssay on Crucible vs Muslim Treatment Post 9/111054 Words   |  5 PagesCrucible vs Muslim Treatment Post 9/11 Fear in itself is something to be feared. Fear is the primary source of insanity and chaos. Fear alone sent the Puritan society of Salem, Massachusetts into a state of utter hysteria in the year 1692, when one of the worlds most infamous witch hunts occurred. Arthur Millers play, The Crucible, is a historical fiction depicting the events of the Salem Witch Trials. A witch hunt is a political campaign launched on the pretext of investigating activities subversiveRead MoreOf Plymouth Plantation Analysis809 Words   |  4 PagesEstablishing a well put community and coexsting with the Indians in the end. About 75 years later, in Salem a religious community trying to outcast the â€Å"devil† in their town. The infamous Salem Witch Trials became to known in the play â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller. The accusation came from a group of girls who made the whole town believed witches were among, to avoid punishment for dancing in the forest that was not permitted in the com munity. The accused were unjustly hanged for supposedly practicingRead MoreFeminist Approach to Witchcraft; Case Study: Millers the Crucible6554 Words   |  27 PagesTitle: Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Millers The Crucible: A Feminist Reading Author(s): Wendy Schissel Publication Details: Modern Drama 37.3 (Fall 1994): p461-473. Source: Drama Criticism. Vol. 31. Detroit: Gale. From Literature Resource Center. Document Type: Critical essay Bookmark: Bookmark this Document Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale, Cengage Learning Title Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Millers The Crucible: A Feminist Reading [(essay date fall 1994) In the followingRead MoreThe Crucible by Arthur Miller966 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 17th century a group of Puritans migrated from England to America - the land of dreams - to escape persecution for their religious beliefs. 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Leadership Styles That The Leaders Of The Ancient World

Title Page Boudi Haj-Ayoub Ms.Cross Class code Intro: There are many different leadership styles that the leaders of the ancient world used to create and expand their empires. Each leader used a combination of different leadership styles during their rule. Two leaders that share very similar leading styles were Richard the Lionheart and Saladin. They both were Situational leaders, management leaders and relations leaders. They both used their skills against each other in a battle for the holy lands. Paragraph one: Situational leadership theory states that the best leaders are flexible and adaptable, able to modify their plans or make quick decisions that benefit their rule and their people. According to this theory, situational leaders possess the ability to analyze a situation and its variables and come up with the best course of action. Both Saladin and Richard Lionheart were situational leaders because they both had the ability to adapt quickly to what was happening around them and make crucial decisions with little notice. For example, during the siege of Jerusalem, Saladin modified his battle strategy in order to bring about success: Saladin saw that he was making no progress†¦. At dawn on a certain day [Sept 26] the King of Egypt (that is, Saladin) ordered the camp to be moved without any tumult or commotion. He ordered the tents to be pitched in the Vale of Jehoshaphat†¦.When morning had come the men of Jerusalem lifted up their eyes and,Show MoreRelatedInfluence Of A Great Philosopher And The Metaphysic Of Divine Providence1162 Words   |  5 PagesCicero returned to the republic government after the late Julius Caesar death Cicero became an enemy to Mark Anthony. After a power struggle Cicero was executed being an enemy to the state by the second Triumvirate in 43 BC. As an ancient leader Cicero successful leadership and background trait promoted great abilities. Cicero was a Roman philosopher, orator, politician theorist, consul, lawyer, and a Constitutionalist. In addition, the interconnection amongst the great historical philosopher’s alikeRead MoreLeadership As A Genre For Arguments Essa y1440 Words   |  6 Pagescontinues to refine their dialogue in leadership as a genre for arguments, ideals in religious teaching, terms, and rules. Based on theories of their own, visions, skeptics, beliefs and values. As enlightens of reaching the mindset and comfort for satisfaction of their own and for their followers. By revising general rhetoric, it strategies to conform unity in communication as an interconnection for various theories of the world. 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The Gettysburg Address By Henry Wadsworth - 1548 Words

The â€Å"Gettysburg Address† is a speech given by former President Abraham Lincoln that focuses on the Civil War and the horrific battle that just took place at that location. Lincoln urges the people to remember what America is built on and freedom, liberty, and working together. Not only does Lincoln discuss that, but he also makes sure to thank the men who have fought in the war. He also reminded the people of what these soldiers fought for to give them the ideals that they take for granted I plan to use this speech in my research to talk about ideas that America associates and bases itself off of, and how those ideas influence the lives of Americans. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. â€Å"Paul Revere s Ride.† Poets.org, Academy of American Poets,†¦show more content†¦I intend to use this poem to explain some of the flaws in American nature, and also emphasize the work and pain these people suffered throughout the process of creating this â€Å"glorious† country. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Vintage, 2016. Beloved is a novel that focuses on slavery, specifically the life of a woman who escaped but was captured by her previous slave owners. Before being taken Sethe, the escaped slave kills her two- year-old daughter so that she will not have to return to the plantation. However years later her daughter comes back and haunts her mother s as a constant reminder of what she did. I believe I will use this novel to talk about how people viewed slavery in American Society, and how it American culture was deeply shaken by slavery. I also wish to discuss what African’s had to experience and want to see what they felt their role in society was. McQueen, Steve, et al. 12 Years a Slave. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation, 2013. The film 12 Years a Slave directed by Steve McQueen focuses on a free black man from the North who gets taken back to the South to become a slave. As the movie unfolds Solomon Northup, the man abducted, must experience pain and cruelty from the master of the plantation and learn to survive as a slave of the South. However, after his twelfth year of slavery, the man meets an abolitionist and hisShow MoreRelatedLincoln Speech Analysis1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe persuasion scenario our group choose to observe is the events that happen in United States of America in 19th century. It’s the President Abraham Lincoln famous Gettysburg address. One of the main points for Lincoln when he giving this speech is to persuade both union and confederate (two different sides during the civil war) citizens to come join together to create the new equal and justice United States. This persuasion speech made me known why many people saw him as the great man. He did notRead MoreEssay on The Battle of Gettysburg1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Gettysburg General William T. Sherman put it best when he said War is Hell( Foote 1 ). The Civil War was the largest war fought on American soil. Over a million lives were lost and millions more were affected. Billions of dollars were spent by the United States and billions were spent by the Confederate States to fund this war. Three days were spent in the month of July of 1863 in pure hell. The largest battle of the Civil War was fought near a small town in Pennsylvania.

Financial Performance of National Bank of Ethiopia free essay sample

In recent years, the importance of measuring MFI performance has been growing. An important aspect of this trend has been the increasing use of financial indicators that measures MFIs’ performance. However, it is hard to know the true picture of institutions with out the necessary adjustments. Hence, financial statements of NBE WSACA are adjusted for subsidy, loss provision and inflation to know its true picture. Accordingly, financial performance of the institution is analyzed based on PEARLS monitoring systems and MFI performance indicators (ROA, ROE, OSS, FSS and SDI), in which the overall performance was good. However, unadjusted ratios were misleading. 6 1. Introduction NBE WSACA has been in operation since 1985. It has been paying dividends to its members at the end of every year, after putting aside the reserve requirement and other deductibles. From the outset, the association was established with full financial and technical support from National Bank of Ethiopia and the various supports of the bank continue to date. However, these subsidies have never been considered in preparing the financial statements of the association so that it has not been possible to tell about the true performance of the association. This paper, therefore tries to see the real financial achievements of NBE WSACA in 2004, 2005 2006 and 2007 by including the various subsidies it was receiving, loan loss provision and the effect of inflation. Adjusted and non-adjusted financial performances of year 2005, 2006 and 2007 are also analyzed using PEARLS monitoring tool of WOCCU and selected MFI performance indicators. The results are also compared against each other and peer group result of sub Saharan Africa as well as benchmark of 30 credit unions operating around the world. The appropriate interest rate on loan is also suggested as per the indication of SDI. 1. 1 Background Ethiopia is one on the sub-Saharan African countries with a population of about 73 million. More than 85% of the population lives in rural area and agriculture remains the main stay of the economy. The Government applies agriculture lead development as growth strategy. Agriculture contributes 44% of GDP followed by Service and Industry with a share of 46. 3% and 11. 7% respectively. Table 1- Selected Macroeconomic and social indicators of Ethiopia 2005 Population (2005)* Population growth GNI per capita $ (2005)* GDP $ (2006) GDP growth, annual (2005) 75. 17 2. 8% 150 11 billion 11. 6% 2006 2007 7 2005 General Inflation, annual (2005) 8. 8537 2006 8. 9666 2007 9. 3192 Source: National Bank of Ethiopia Annual report (2006/2007) (*) World Bank Group Data and Statistics (accessed on 18/08/08) 1. 2 Financial sector in Ethiopia Traditional financial system in Ethiopia has long history and paramount contribution to economic betterment and social wellbeing of the society. Traditional institutions organized with a sense of cooperation and risk sharing has enabled Ethiopians to experience saving and financial management within its cultural context. Eqqub1 and Edir2 are some of the informal financial institutions that shaped the social bond and interaction. Formal financial institution started as early as 1905 with the formation of Bank of Abyssinia. However, the growth in number and capacity has been limited so that the service has not reached to the majority of the people. Currently, ten commercial banks, nine insurance companies and one development bank are operating in the market. All are owned by Ethiopian nationals. The banking sector was swinging from nationalization in 1977 to liberalization in 1992, which may contribute to its limitation in providing better services in terms of outreach and products. Their focus on big urban areas and the stringent lending policy they have been following have made there service inaccessible to the common citizens. As an alternative finance source, some enlighten employees started to form saving and credit cooperatives taking their working place as a common bond, based on provisions of proclamation No. 241/58. As of June 30, 2006, about 5437 SACCOs were providing financial services to their members. On the other hand, various NGOs (humanitarian organizations) were providing microcredit services as a complementary to their humanitarian and developmental activities. Although some of the NGOs had tried to provide the services through formation of SACCOs by providing revolving fund to organized groups, it had not been sustainable due to its loose 1 Eqqub is a form of rotation savings association in which e regular payment of weekly or monthly are made for the benefit of a large sum at some point in time. 2 Iddir is an informal financial and social institution of a community that serves as insurance when members face emergency situation. 8 foundation. The life of financial services was limited to the life of projects in particular areas. Absence of institutional framework and related legal problems compounded with clients’ lack of knowledge and attitude towards NGOs (loans were considered as donation) had affected loan repayment, in which outreach and sustainability of the service was not possible. In order to address these problems and bring the activities of micro financing within Ethiopia’s monetary and financial policies, Licensing and Supervision of Microfinance Institution, Proclamation No. 40/1996 was issued. The proclamation strongly prohibited provision of financial services without a license from the central bank. Following this, National Bank of Ethiopia has issued various directives as per the power vested in it by the proclamation. Accordingly, most of the NGOs that were providing credit services plus new government sponsored organizations came into the legal system by including nominal shareholders in their ownership structure. Since the enactment of the proclamation, 28 MFIs have registered to operate as a commercial financial institution as it is clearly stated in the proclamation and subsequent directives. Out of the 28, 7 are government owned MFIs established to assist its development strategy. However, they have been practically operating on a double bottom line approach. As of June 30, 2007, the sector has registered a total asset, total deposit and total capital of USD 0. 3 billion, USD 88. 3 million and total capital of USD 93. 6 million, serving total clients of 1. 5 million. 1. 3 Objectives of the study Though licensed MFIs are recent comers to the financial market, Savings and Credit Associations have been in operation for more than three decades. Most of the institutions have been reporting profit and good performance. The financial reports are based on conventional accounting methods that exclude various transactions that affect the quality of the report. Because conventional accounting usually reports the actual costs, not opportunity costs that reflect the real economic cost to society. Government and donor supports come in the form of tax exemptions, indirect government subsidies, in the form of direct financing, via budget subsidies, grants for specific purposes, and contracts to perform certain work and exchange rate fluctuation, inflation, non-performing loans and deposit requirements are the main factors that could affect the quality of financial reporting. Hence, the objective of this paper is to measure the financial performance of NBE WSCA, by including items that have not been captured by conventional accounting practice and then to: 1. Identify the degree of its dependence on subsidy and how much the society cost in supporting the institutions, if any, 2. Forward useful recommendations for its future prospect, 3. Give some light to microfinance sector in Ethiopia on relatively real performance evaluation method. 4. Recommendations related to future improvements in financial reporting if warranted Comparison to peer group of Africa’s Microfinance institutions will also be made to understand better its level of performance. It is proper to note here that the above Factors that affect the quality of the financial reports would be treated if their influence were believed to be significant and reliable information is secured for the adjustment. 1. 4 Methodology In assessing the performance of the selected institution, mainly, secondary data from reliable sources (audited financial statements) are used. The researcher will also try to complete data insufficiency and information gaps through questionnaire, interview and personal discussions. Though performance measurement tools in the sector are usually debatable, the researcher prefers to use adjusted return on asset (AROA), adjusted return on equity (AROE), financial self-sufficiency (FSS) and subsidy dependence index (SDI). In recognition of SACCOs unique feature, PEARLs monitoring tool is also used to evaluate its financial performance. The results will be compared with the peer benchmark result of the micro banking Bulletin of the MIX. 1. 5 Organization of the paper The paper is organized in six parts. In the first part, brief review of the financial sector in Ethiopia will be made. This part also contains objective of the study and the methodology. The second part deals with literature review on performance measures in microfinance with 10 especial emphasis to FSS, OSS, ROA, ROE, SDI and PEARLs monitoring systems. The third part focuses on SACCOs in Ethiopia and its legal framework. The fourth part gives incite on background of NBE WSACA and its services to members. Part 5 deals about NBE WSACA financial performance with and without consideration to the necessary adjustments as well as comparison to Africa benchmark of MBB. Part 6 gives conclusion based on the finding and forwards recommendations. 11 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Microfinance performance Evaluation Microfinance has attracted a number of attentions around the world and many countries and donors have been using it as a tool of poverty alleviation and development strategy. Microfinance has played significant role in embracing large world population who was forgotten and excluded by the formal financial institutions. It has been serving as a litmus paper to banks to show that it is feasible to do business with the poor. It has also put the poor at a higher moral ground by witnessing that the poor are trustworthy and have ideas, visions, talent and capacity to achieve them, if they are given the chance. Nowadays, many actors in the microfinance sector see finance as an effective tool, which can be used to help humanity and society develop. Significant numbers of people around the world have able to generate income and accumulate savings as their capacity allows them to do due to the availability of financial services. â€Å"Microfinance is much more than simply an income generation tool. By directly empowering poor people, particularly women, it has become one of the key driving mechanisms towards meeting the millennium Development Goals/MGD/, specifically the overarching target of halving extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. 3 In their effort to achieve what is expected of them from various stakeholders, microfinance institutions are required to achieve two major performances, social performance and financial performance. The former is the one, which characterizes microfinance institutions, and it includes outreach to the poor and the excluded, adaption of services and products to the target clients, improvement of clients’ social capital and social responsibility of MFIs. Financial performance on the other han d, deals on economic situations such as portfolio quality, efficiency and productivity, financial management and profitability. Nevertheless, unlike commercial banking with its Basle standards, the microfinance industry does not have widely agreed performance standards. â€Å"Recent years have seen a 3 Mark Malloch Brown, Administrator of the United Nations Development Program/UNDP/ 12 growing push for transparency in microfinance. An important aspect of this trend has been the increasing use of financial and institutional indicators to measure the risk and performance microfinance institutions. However, it is hard to achieve transparency if there is no agreement on how indicators measuring financial condition, risk and performance should be named and calculated. †4 Hence, Microrate, Inter-American Development Bank (IBD), the Consultative group to assist the poorest (CGAP), the united states Agency for International Development (USAID), MCRIL and planet Rating agree on the names and definitions of a set of commonly used indicators. Accordingly, the â€Å"Roundtable group† agreed on performance measures such as portfolio quality, efficiency and productivity, financial management and profitability. SEEP network has also developed MFIs performance measure and reporting guidelines. 2. 2 PEARLS Monitoring System World Council of Credit Unions/WOCCU has also developed its own performance measures for SACCOs. Since 1990, the world council of credit unions, Inc. has been using a set of financial rations known as PEARLS, which each letter of the word PEARLS measures key areas of Credit unions operations. Protection, Effective financial structure, Asset quality, Rate of return and cost, Liquidity and Sign of growth. PEARLS ratios are set to serve as executive management tool for standardize evaluation, comparative ranking and tool of supervisory control. (David C. Richardson, 2002). WOCCU has set the following targets for the main ratios in PEARLS: Protection- protection against loan loss is deemed adequate if a credit union has sufficient provision to cover 100% of all loans delinquent for more than 12 months, and 35% of all loans delinquent for 1-12 months. The system evaluates the a dequacy of the protection by comparing the allowance for loan losses to loan delinquency. Microrate inter-American Development Bank Sustainable Development Department Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Division, performance indicator for MFIs, Technical guide 2 nd edition, Washington D:C, 2002 5 David C. Richardson (2002), PEARLS monitoring system, World Council of Credit unions, WCCU toolkit series number 4 13 Effective financial structure- 95% of the productive asset should composed of 70-80% loan and 10-20% liquid investment. The remaining 5% is unproductive assets composed of land, buildings and equipments). On the ther hand, 70-80% of Credit union liability should be composed of members’ savings to achieve financial independence. In order to finance non-performing assets, improve earnings and absorb losses, members share capital and institutional capital should be greater or equal to 20% and to 10% of total asset respectively. Asset Quality-keeping delinquency rate belo w 5%, maintaining non-earning asset a maximum of 5% and financing the non-earning asset with institutional capital are set to be measure of asset quality for credit unions. Rate of return and costs- operating expense to total assets ratio is set to be less than 10% and other return and costs to be greater or equal to market rate. However, administrative cost should not be greater than 5% of the average total assets. Liquidity- the liquidity indicators show whether the credit union is effectively measuring its cash so that it can meet deposit withdrawals requests and liquidity reserve requirements. This is a measure of savings deposits invested in National Associations or Commercial banks, the minimum amount set to be 15%. In addition, the idle liquid fund should as much as possible closer to zero. Liquidity reserve to savings deposit is also set at 10%. Signs of growth- growth in Credit unions are measured in areas of total assets, loans, savings deposits, shares and institutional capital linked with profitability. The desired goal in this respect is growth, after subtracting inflation of the year. Nevertheless, the key performance and self-sustainability ratios published by the microfinance industry are deceiving if not adjusted to reflect subsidies. This is mainly because many items that significantly affect measuring real self-sufficiency are excluded by conventional accounting practices, which need to be adjusted. 14 2. 3 Adjustments Financial analysts often calculate a number of adjustments based on their purpose of analysis. In general, the following four groups of adjustments are commonly used but there is no precise standard calculation method so that any kind of adjustment should describe the calculation method used (Microfinance consensus guidelines, 2003). 1. Subsidy Adjustments- subsidy adjustment serves two purposes, first, MFIs vary widely for subsidy they receive. Some MFIs get no subsidy at all. Thus, adjustment that offset subsidy will allow for a more meaningful comparison of performance among MFIs with different amounts of subsidy. Second, the industry has accepted that, in the long term, MFIs should be able to operate without subsidy, relying instead on commercial sources and private investment or market rate. 6 There are two types of subsidy adjustments, subsidized cost of fund adjustment and in kind subsidy adjustment. Subsidized cost of funds adjustment looks at the difference between an MFI’s actual financial expenses and the financial expense it would pay if all of its liabilities were priced at market rates. One common way of doing this is to multiply the MFI’s average funding liability by some shadow price-a market interest rate and then subtract the actual financial expense. The difference is the amount of adjustment and is treated as an expense. No single shadow rate is appropriate in all circumstances. Many analysts use as a shadow the rate that local banks are paying on 90-day time deposits (International accounting standards 2002 in CGAP Microfinance consensus guidelines, 2003). In-kind subsidy adjustment on the other hand is provision of goods and services at no cost or below market cost. The usual in-kind subsidies could be office furniture and equipments, consultancy services, free office space and free staff. The adjustment in this case is the difference between what an MFI pays for the goods and services and what it would have to pay for the same goods and services at market rate. CGAP, Microfinace Consensus Guidelines, definition of selected financial rations and adjustments for Microfinance, third edition, September, 2003 15 2. Inflation Adjustment- The value of fixed assets tracks with the rises in price levels. Their real value increases along the lines of inflationary pressures. As such, the value of the fixed assets rises with inflation. Analysts make two adjustments f or inflation to account for this rise: one to total equity and one to fixed assets. Equity is adjusted downwards with inflation; and fixed assets adjusted upwards. In reporting this separate adjustment for fixed assets, the institution must create two counterbalancing entries, one on the income statement and one on the balance sheet. On the income statement, inflation increases the value of fixed assets, recorded as revenue from a revaluation adjustment. On the balance sheet, this adjustment increases the balance of the fixed assets account. The rational behind the inflation adjustment is that an MFI should preserve, at a minimum, the value of its equity against erosion due to inflation. Inflation produces a loss in the real value (purchasing power) of equity. The inflation adjustment recognizes and quantifies that loss. 7 In order to adjust for inflation, subtract net fixed assets from equity and multiply the difference with the period inflation rate. Year to year inflation adjustments create an expense in the income statement and a reserve in the balance sheet equity account, which is cumulative retained earnings consumed by the effects of inflation. 3. Adjustments for non-performing Loans- MFIs’ differ widely in their treatment of loan loss provision expense and write of policies, which can have a large impact on how sound its financial results appear. Hence, three portfolio adjustments have to be made to generate true financial statement. The three main adjustments are: Loan loss allowance and provision expense, write off and reversal of interest accrual on delinquent loans (CGAP, microfinance consensus guide lines, 2003). The MIX makes provision of 50%, 100% and 50% for loans with payments that are late between 90 and 180 days, for loans late for more than 180 days and renegotiated loans respectively. Loan loss allowance and provision expense increases loan loss allowance in the balance heet and provision expense in the income statement. Write off adjustment reduces gross loan portfolio and loan loss allowance with out 7 CGAP, Microfinace Consensus Guidelines, definition of selected financial rations and adjustments for Microfinance, third edition, September, 2003 16 affecting other accounts in the income statement or balance sheet. Reversal of interest income accrued on non-performing loans reduces interest income net profit and equity with the same amount. 4. Foreign exchange adjustments- this is an adjustment related to MFIs, which have assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency, but handle their accounting in local currency. The change in exchange rate between the two currencies put an institution in gain or loss position. However, there is no agreement how to recognize the gain or loss. 2. 4 Key performance indicators in Microfinance Performance measure in microfinance has been a point of concern due to their double bottom line operation and their reliance on external source of fund in the form of subsidy. Hence, traditional accounting performance measures that have been used for purely commercial undertaking may give unrealistic picture for MFIs that benefit from any kind of subsidy. The failure of the return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) in measuring the performance of MFIs is due to their reliance on accounting practices that ignore the subsidies received by MFIs, in which without properly reporting and evaluating the subsidies involved, no adequate cost benefit analysis or cost effectiveness analysis of the MFI can be carried out. Basic financial statement indicators, such as net income, hints about an institution’s level of profitability without taking into consideration whether the income is donated or earned, whether loans received by the institution are priced competitively or subsidized , or whether the institution gets in-kind support. A truly accurate assessment of an institution’s sustainability based on adjusted data can help to anticipate the future, when external support may end (CGAP, MIS for MFIs, a handbook, Technical tool series no. 1). 17 The MFI industry, as represented by MIX, correctly recognizes the failure of traditional accounting ratios to measure the performance of MFIs. Accordingly, the ROA and ROE ratios are adjusted in an attempt to account for subsidies commonly received. 8 Accordingly, the mix developed three key ratios: adjusted return on asset (AROA), adjusted return on equity (AROE) and financial self-sufficiency (FSS). 2. 4. 1 Adjusted return on asset (AROA) and adjusted return on Equity (AROE) The prime objective of any commercial activity is to maximize shareholders benefit through maximizing profit. The process by which the profitability of the shareholders can be measured is through determination of retune on equity. Return on asset is an overall measure of profitability that reflects both the profit margin and the efficiency of institutions. It gives an indication how efficient institutions are in utilizing their assets. ROE makes little sense for comparing microfinance institutions, which have widely divergent liability and equity structures. Many have large equity base built up through donor funds; others have little equity and are funded through soft loans. Hence, return on asset is more appropriate to measure MFIs performance (CGAP, MIS handbook, 1998). However, using such traditional indicators to measure performance of MFIs is inadequate because of this ratios failure to reflect the tremendous impact of subsidies received by MFIs (Yaron, 1992a). Therefore, ROA and ROE are adjusted for subsides received, inflation, loan loss provision and exchange rate difference. Adjusted return on asset is determined as adjusted net operating income net of taxes divided by adjusted average total asset. AROA = Adjusted net operating income-tax Adjusted average total Asset. 8 Ronny Manos and Jacob Yaron (2007), what is wrong with â€Å"adjusted† accounting ratios that are commonly used by MF industry to measure financial performance, school of business, college of management. 18 Adjusted return on equity could also be determined as adjusted operating income net of tax divided by average adjusted total equity. AROE= Adjusted net operating income-tax Adjusted average total Equity 2. 4. Operational self sufficiency (OSS) and financial self sustainability (FSS) According to definition of CGAP MF consensuses guidelines, OSS measures how well an MFI covers its cost through operating revenue. In addition to operating expense, it is recommended that financial expense and loan-loss provision expense to be included in this calculation, as they are a normal (and significant) cost of operating. FSS on the other hand measures how well an MFI covers its costs, taking into account a number o f adjustments to operating revenue and expenses, which is the level of self-sufficiency. The purpose of most of these adjustments is to model how well the MFI could cover its costs if its operations were unsubsidized and it were funding its expansion with commercial-cost liabilities (CGAP MF consensus guidelines, 2003) The FSS measure is the prime sustainability performance indicator provided by the MIX, and is the basis for further calculating the AROE and AROA-the subsidyadjusted profitability ratios. Yaron and Manos (2007) on the other hand, argue that the FSS is an inaccurate measure of financial sustainability and that it causes to distortion due to the following reasons: 1. When measuring the subsidy attributed co concessionary funds, the FSS methodology ignores the administrative cost of mobilizing and servicing deposits, (when financial cost of deposits serves as the shadow price-the practice of MBB) 2. The FSS measure treats equity as a cost free item except erosion of net monetary asset due to inflation, 19 3. FSS does not consider exemption of institutions from reserve requirements, which underestimates subsidy received, 4. The FSS methodology does not distinguish between an MFI that generates income from lending to target clients and MFI that uses subsidies received to generate its income from others sources. 2. 5 Subsidy dependence index (SDI) The subsidy dependence index (SDI) asses and quantifies subsidy dependence. Its assessment and calculation requires the application of a certain procedure as well as judgment. The consistence application of these procedures and judgments from period to period is more important than the absolute accuracy of the figures included in the SDI computation. The SDI is the ratio that measures the percentage increase in the average onlending interest rate required to compensate an MFI for the elimination of subsidies in a given year while keeping its return on equity equal to the approximate non-concessional borrowing cost. 9 Subsidy Dependence index (SDI) is calculated as the annual subsidy received by the MFI divided by the income earned by the MFI on its average loan portfolio. It is normally derived in to two stages. First, the annual subsidy received by the MFI is divided by the average annual loan portfolio. Then, the total annual subsidy received by the MFI is divided by the MFI is divided by the interest and fee income earned on the MFI’s loan portfolio. The amount of the annual subsidy received by the MFI is stated as: S=A(m-c) + [(E x m)-p]+K Where: S Annual subsidy received by the MFI A – MFI concessionary borrowed funds outstanding (annual average) M – The assumed interest rate that the MFI would have to pay for borrowed funds if access to concessionary borrowing was eliminated 9 Jacob Yaron (1992), Assessing Development Finance Institutions a Public Interest Analysis, a World Bank Discussion paper 174 0 E – Average annual equity P – Reported annual profit before tax (adjusted, when necessary, for loan loss provisions, inflation, and so on) K – The sum of all other annual subsidies received by the MFI. Then SDI is defined as: SDI= S___ LP x i Where: SDI – Subsidy dependence Index S –Annual subsidy received by the MFI LP †“Average outstanding loan portfolio I –weighted average interest rate on loan portfolio of the MFI As it is stated above as a sensitivity analysis, an MFI has to increase its interest rate on loan in order to avoid subsidy. However, this is not the only means to avoid subsidy or minimize it. Improving loan collection rate, minimizing administrative costs play significant role in driving an institution towards self-sustainability. Striving to achieve self-sustainability and completely remove all subsidies is not always or necessarily politically feasible or economically desirable. However, calculating the SDI measure is still important for three basic reasons10 a. The SDI may be used as a tool to measure dependency and recommend improvement or justify its continuation, b. Measuring the subsidies received by the MFI is always economically or politically desirable as it would improve resource allocation, c. Computing and disclosing SDI provide basic information on the public debate on the use of scarce public funds. 10 Jacob Yaron and Ronny Manos (2007), Determining the self sufficiency of Microfinance institutions, savings and development No. 2 21 2. 6 Benchmarking In the field of microfinance, an agreed upon set of ratios to measure performance has developed. Accurate data, adjusted along common lines, are a pre-requisite for benchmarking. When comparing its own performance against industry benchmarks, an MFI can identify performance variance and highlight the key factors that influence performance. For managers and board members, such system provides a sign post for identifying institutional strength and weaknesses. It also influences the decision of donors and investors. MFIs with different characteristics have been operating around the glob. MFIs differ in their age, charter, depth of intermediation, lending methodology, scale of operation, operating region, target market and outreach, which makes comparison difficult. The way out for such problem is using Peer group performance as a benchmark. In this regard, Microbanking bulletin of the MIX has been preparing simple peer group benchmarks (bases on single characteristics) and compound peer group benchmarks (complex set of variables). 22 3. SACCOs in Ethiopia 3. 1 Legal framework of SACCOs in Ethiopia Savings and credit cooperatives in particular and cooperatives in general have passed through various changes due to continuous political changes in the country. Every new government came to the country was interested to promote cooperatives in its own way with no deep analysis on strong and weak points. The main reason for such radical change was believed to be that government change in the country has never been made in peaceful way. Hence, activities of the going government were grossly considered disgraceful so that new governments were interested to start afresh. During the command economy, promotion and registration of cooperatives were given to different ministries. Accordingly, promotion and registration of savings and credit cooperatives were given to National Bank of Ethiopia (central Bank). Issuance of proclamation N. 47/98 by the incumbent government has given the power to respective cooperative promotion offices under different regional offices. The cooperative promotion structure in National Regional states have different names and they way they are structured is not uniform either. In some Regions the office is named as Cooperative Agency (Ormia, SNNNP. ), in Addis as cooperative Promotion and regulation Department, in Afar, Somalia and Gambella as cooperative bureau. The accountability of the offices also differs from Region to Region. In Oromia, it is organized under Mass organization ( Hezeb aderejajete) which is one sector that reports to the Regional cabinet meetings, in Amhara it is under the Rural and Agricultural development bureau, while in Addis it is under the bureau of trade and industry. In most of these offices including the Federal cooperative Agency, the activities are departmentalized under Promotion, Market, Supervision and Audit, legal services and support activities. Promotion department is again divided into major teams like Agricultural and non-agricultural cooperatives. Promotion of saving and credit cooperatives is undertaken mostly under the non- agricultural cooperative team. The marketing department again can be subdivided into market development, effort, loan follow up (for agricultural input and crop loans). The promotion department is divided into teams based on the type of cooperatives while the marketing is on major marketing and credit activities. 23 (Dagnew Gessese Half a century development of savings and credit cooperatives in Ethiopia, status, challenges and future prospects, April, 2007) The main contributing factor for such mixed and non-standard structure is that the country has been using one proclamation for different nature of cooperatives. This clearly shows that there no clarity on financial services of savings and credit cooperatives. As performance standard measures has not been developed for SACCOs or WOCCUs standard, PEARLS has not been adapted, inspection of SACCOs has been limited to checking for proper record of their transactions to respective accounts. The other manifestation on lack of clarity on financial nature of SACCOs is that in 1996, proclamation No. 0/96, for licensing and regulation of microfinance institutions was issued that has authorized the central bank to license and regulate MFIs. Following this, National Bank of Ethiopia has issued 18 directives to regulate and supervise SACCOs.